Correlation Between Average IQ & GNP

Anatoly Karlin writes: There is a wealth of evidence implying an exponential relationship between average IQ and income and wealth in the United States.

human-capital-and-gdp-per-capita-world

Click to enlarge.

There is likewise a wealth of evidence – from Lynn, Rindermann, La Griffe du Lion, your humble servant, etc. – that shows an exponential relationship between levels of average national IQ and GDP per capita (PPP adjusted). When you throw out countries with a legacy of Communism and the ruinous central planning they practiced (China, the Ex-USSR and Eastern Europe, etc), and countries benefitting disproportionately from a resource windfall (Saudi Arabia, the UAE, etc), there is an amazing R2=0.84 correlation between performance in the PISA international standardized student tests and GDP (PPP) per capita. (In sociology, anything about R2=0.3 is a good result).

The reasons for this might be the case are quite intuitive. At the most basic level, intelligent people can get things done better and more quickly. In sufficiently dull societies, certain things can’t get done at all. To loosely borrow an example from Gregory Clark’s A Farewell to Alms, assume a relatively simple widget that requires ten manufacturing steps that have to be done just right to make it commercially viable. Say an 85 IQ laborer has a failure rate of 5% for any one step, while a 100 IQ laborer has a failure rate of 1%. This does not sound like that big or cardinal of a difference. But repeated ten times, some 40% of the duller worker’s production ends up being a dud, compared to only 10% of the brighter worker’s. Consequently, one is competitive on the global markets, whereas the other is not (if labor costs are equal; hence, of course, they are not)…

Average IQ = 70 – Per capita GDP of ~$4,000 in the more optimally governed countries of this class, such as Ghana (note however that many countries in this class are not yet fully done with their Malthusian transitions, which will depress their per capita output somewhat – see below).
Average IQ = 85 – Per capita GDP of ~$16,000 in the more optimally governed countries of this class, such as Brazil.
Average IQ = 100 Per capita GDP of ~45,000 in the more optimally governed countries of this class, or approximately the level of core EU/US/Japan.
Average IQ = 107 – Per capita GDP of potentially $80,000, as in Singapore (and it doesn’t seem to have even finished growing rapidly yet). Similar figures for elite/financial EU cities (e.g. Frankfurt, Milan) and US cities (e.g. San Francisco, Seattle, Boston).
Average IQ = 115 – Largely a theoretical construct, but that might be the sort of average IQ you’d get in, say, Inner London – the center of the global investment banking industry. The GDP per capita there is a cool $152,000.
Countries with bigger than normal “smart fractions” (the US, India, Israel) tend to have a bigger GDP per capita than what could be assumed from just from their average national IQ. This stands to reason because a group of people equally split between 85 IQers and 115 IQers will have higher cognitive potential than a room composed of an equivalent number of 100 IQers. Countries with high average IQs but smaller than normal S.D.’s, such as Finland, have a slightly smaller GDP per capita that what you might expect just from average national IQs.

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Chilling new video shows black teen student wearing gloves as he stalks his beautiful white smiling high school math teacher to the restroom ‘before brutally raping and murdering her’

DailyMail:

Philip Chism, 16, is charged with murdering his ninth-grade math teacher Colleen Ritzer, 24, in October 2013 when he was 14
Chism refused to go back into the courtroom Tuesday saying he was ‘about to explode’ – causing court to end an hour earlier than scheduled
On Wednesday Chism told the judge he wanted to be present in the courtroom during the proceedings
Jurors watched surveillance video of Chism following Ritzer into a bathroom while putting his gloves on
Video also shows Chism walking down the hallway with what appears to be blood on his hand – another clip has him carrying her pants
Chism’s trial began Monday in Salem, Massachusetts
Defense attorney Denise Regan admitted Chism killed his teacher ‘but only because he was plagued by a severe and untreated mental illness’
However the prosecution said Chism killed with ‘terrible purpose’, arriving with a knife and box cutter and killing, raping and robbing Ritzer

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SWEDISH JEWISH COMMUNITY SHUTS DOWN AS COUNTRY GOES ON HIGH ALERT

Jewish organizations keep pushing for more and more Muslim immigration into the West, and this is the result.

REPORT: After meeting with police on Wednesday, the leaders of Sweden’s Jewish community opted to cancel all evening activities and shutter its synagogues until further notice, Radio Sweden reported. The decision applied to the cities of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö.

Sweden’s national terrorism threat level is currently raised to four out of five—the country’s highest ever—as authorities hunt for a local terror suspect in the wake of last week’s Paris attacks. Lena Posner Körösi, president of the Council of Jewish Communities in Sweden, would not say whether the Jewish community had received any specific threats, but told Radio Sweden: “As Jews, we are always more or less under threat and as a community we have had our own ‘raised threat level’ over the past few years.”

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Obama actions shield most illegals from deportation even as courts stall amnesty

We know who’s trying to destroy our country. It’s never been more clear.

Washington Times: President Obama’s marquee deportation amnesty has been stalled by the courts, but the rest of his executive actions on immigration, announced exactly a year ago, are moving forward — including his move protecting more than 80 percent of illegal immigrants from any danger of deportation.

The amnesty, dubbed Deferred Action for Parental Accountability was supposed to grant full tentative legal status — including work permits, Social Security numbers and driver’s licenses — to more than 4 million illegal immigrants. It has been halted by a federal appeals court, and its fate will soon rest with the Supreme Court.

But the rest of the dozen actions Mr. Obama announced on Nov. 20, 2014, are still advancing, including a far-reaching set of priorities that effectively orders agents not to bother deporting nearly all illegal immigrants.

“There are 7 or 8 or 9 million people who are now safe under the current policy. That is a victory to celebrate while we wait for the Supreme Court,” said Rep. Luis V. Gutierrez, an Illinois Democrat who was among the chief cheerleaders pushing Mr. Obama to go around Congress and take unilateral steps last year.

The actions — often mislabeled by the press as executive orders — also included changes to the legal immigration system, such as making it easier for spouses of guest workers to also find jobs; allowing foreigners who study science and technology at U.S. universities to remain and work in the country longer; pushing legal immigrants to apply for citizenship; and waiving the penalty on illegal immigrant spouses or children of legal permanent residents so they no longer have to go to their home countries to await legal status.

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First a database, then deportation

It seems like commonsense to me that you want to track closely people who are likely to hate you.

If this happens, if Muslims are rounded up for deportation, how many Jews will risk their lives to shelter Muslims in their home?

If there’s a genocide against blacks in America, how many Jews will risk their lives to shelter them?

I’m drawing up a list of righteous Jews who risked their lives without pay to save goyim.

Chaim Amalek: “Jesus risked his life without any recompense to save the souls of every goy then alive or who would be alive in the future. He let the Romans crucify him so that he might spare the goyim from hell. And as the son of a Jewish woman, he was himself a Jew. Does that count?”

Miriam Lilian D Or: “The first person on the list must be Levi- Luke Ford. Always looking out for others, like a beacon of light to the goyim. He also sacrifices his nation by pointing out the misbehaving Jews that he exposes on his blog.”

NEWTON, Iowa (AP) — Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has voiced support for creating a mandatory database to track Muslims in the United States – the latest in an escalating series of responses following the deadly attacks in Paris.

“I would certainly implement that. Absolutely,” Trump told an NBC News reporter between campaign events Thursday in Newton, Iowa, according to video posted on MSNBC.com.

He said Muslims would be signed up at “different places,” adding, “It’s all about management.”

Asked whether registering would be mandatory, Trump responded, “They have to be.”

The latest comments come less than a week after the deadly attacks on a concert hall, sports stadium and restaurants in Paris that have elevated fears of attacks in in the U.S. and prompted calls for new restrictions on Syrian refugees fleeing their war-torn country.

While some of his rivals have been chastised by President Barack Obama for suggesting that Christian Syrian refugees be given preference over Muslims, Trump has gone further in his rhetoric, advocating new restrictions on civil liberties and enhanced surveillance activities, including inside mosques.

He said earlier this week that the country was “going to have no choice” but to close certain mosques because “really bad things are happening, and they’re happening fast.”

The first reference to the database idea came in an interview with Yahoo News published earlier Thursday in which the billionaire real estate mogul did not reject the idea of requiring Muslims to register in a database or giving them special identification cards noting their religion.

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Seventh-Day Adventists

* To be more politically corrected, a friend of mine, whenever he wants to complain about blacks, instead substitutes “Seventh-Day Adventist” as in, “A Seventh-Day Adventist was trying to steal my car stereo when I…” Or, “A group of Seventh-Day Adventists surrounded me in Central Park…” Or, “A Seventh-Day Adventist threw coffee on me…”

* I told a friend, “Stop telling me how much you love me. Just tell me how much you respect me.”

* Is it time for all of us to learn some verses from the Koran? Which verses are best to escape a siege? “‪#‎Mali‬ hostages freed from siege hotel if they can recite Qur’an verses – security sources”

* Jew: “Great Seventh-Day Adventist comics!”
Luke: “Can you name one?”
Jew: “Exactly.”

* Addiction is when your first thought upon seeing a pretty girl is, “I wonder how much she charges?”

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Whites Fight Back Against Anti-White Hostility

I hardly think Jews would take the crap that whites accept on a daily basis.

A group that is too cowardly to take its own side in a fight probably doesn’t deserve to survive.

From the Washington Post:

A Facebook page ostensibly created for an audience at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign called “Illini White Students Union” has drawn fire after it characterized the national Black Lives Matter movement as “terrorism.”

Created Wednesday after a protest sympathetic to Black Lives Matter, the page declared itself “for white students of University of Illinois to be able to form a community and discuss our own issues as well as be able to organize against the terrorism we have been facing from Black Lives Matter activists on campus,” as the Daily Illini reported.

The page did not last long in its original incarnation, but was taken down after three hours. It has since been revived here.

“We recognize the right to free speech, and we encourage you to exercise that right when you see examples of racism, discrimination or intimidation on our campus,” Interim Chancellor Barbara Wilson, who called the page “extremely disturbing,” wrote in a message Thursday to the student body.

In an anonymous message to the News-Gazette, the page’s administrator discussed Black Lives Matter.

“We feel they disrupt student daily life and activity far too much,” the message read, saying that movement “marginalizes” white students. “… We are in the United States and not Africa and we don’t desire to have an African flag on campus.”

The current page is bare bones — just a few links to news stories about the controversy with an image of a statue on campus. The “about” section dedicated the page to “White Pride and a safe place for White students,” according to the News-Gazette, though that page appeared to have changed.

A recent post was a clip from the 1998 film “American History X,” in which Edward Norton plays a white supremacist. In the clip, billed as “revelant to all Ferguson news,” Norton’s character denounces the 1992 riots in Los Angeles.

“It’s a bunch of people grabbing any excuse they can find to go and loot a store, nothing more,” Norton says. “… Lincoln freed the slaves what, like, 130 years ago. How long does it take you to get your act together?”

While this was certainly eyebrow-raising, the original page was even more provocative.

“Feel free to send in pictures you take of any black protestors on the quad so we know who anti-whites are,” one message read, as FOX 55 reported.

According to a student reporter, protesters were particularly concerned that they were being targeted.

“One of the parts on the page particularly concerning to students is that they were taking pictures from the rally of the main quad and identifying students in attendance to identify the ‘anti-whites,’” Marijo Enderle, a 20-year-old senior at the university, said in a telephone interview. Enderle also pointed out that “there hasn’t been any indication that it has been a university student” who created the page.

Student or not, university administrators strongly denounced the effort. Not only was the page offensive — it used the university’s trademark without permission.

“It is disturbing and cowardly that someone would create an anonymous and senseless social media page specifically designed to intimidate others, including and especially our students. When we became aware of the page, we immediately contacted Facebook and requested that it be removed,” campus spokesman Robin Kaler wrote in an e-mail to the Daily Illini. “Facebook has been responsive to our requests, but the page continues to be reposted. We are continuing to work with Facebook to address this matter. We recognize that passions run deep on all sides of many issues, but actions like this are senseless and hurtful and do nothing to foster meaningful dialogue.”

Commenters’ views of the page differed.

“It is so sad to see that such ignorance still exists in 2015,” one commenter wrote. “The creator and supporters of this page are pathetic. These people are cowards that hide behind an anonymous account. Grow up.”

“As a Mexican American I do not find this page racist or in poor taste,” another wrote. “It’s only fair that you are allowed to have your own page and the same rights to freedom of speech as black Illini students have.”

In a Facebook message to The Washington Post, one man who posted a message in support of the white students union explained his thinking.

“What I do like about it is they are fighting for the rights of the white man which are dwindling faster than a rabbit on meth!” Alan Scroggins, a 37-year-old stay-at-home dad from Rantoul, Ill., wrote. “I’m not racist, but I’m proud of my heritage! You know!”

Asked whether he was concerned the page might be considered racist, Scroggins said “not really.”

“The second a white guy says anything about being proud he’s labelled anyway!” he wrote. “Trust me I don’t hide my pride!”

This is not the first time a white student union has been proposed at a U.S. university. A white student union, for example, cropped up at Towson University in Maryland in 2012.

“Every ethnic group has its own advocacy group but white students don’t,” senior Matthew Heimbach said at the time. He added: “Any time there’s a group with conservative principles and white students standing up for themselves, it’s a battle cry for radical leftists on campus. … There’s nothing I could do or say … to try and get these people on the same page as us.”

And in 1991, the New York Times discussed a similar group at the University of Minnesota.

“I have no desire to harm the non-white races,” senior Thomas A. David, who founded the group, said at the time. “I simply think it would help everyone to separate.” He added: “I don’t want to be a mud race in this country, and I will fight to the death against that.”

FROM THE WP COMMENTS:

* A group to celebrate White Pride, the great achievements of Whites, and to oppose the Leftist fraud of Black Lies Matter, where do I sign up?

* Our dear leader…Obama…has recently used the highest office in the land to heap praise upon the BLM movement while repeatedly castigating the NRA. (I am not a member of either)

So with that said, answer me this: Which of these 2 groups has a history of directly inciting and committing violence, crime, anti-police and anti-American behavior?

The answer to that question should make the real problem in this country a tad clearer to the participation trophy loving Gruber’s that love to play the victimhood card at the slightest hurt feeling.

* Fairly simple. Just make the charter and mission statement and all other statements mirror the other side. with the change only of any reference to race to the opposite.
Black becomes white. Gay, straght. female, male.
If, if it is {racist| homophobic | sexist} in those words, then it must be with original words. Period. Allow both or ban both. Stamp out double standards.

* As a left handed person i feel marginalized.. Everything is built for RH people, even the way we write!

As a protest Im only typing with my left hand, and curses to anyone who tries to stop me!

* Wow, so it’s ok for blacks to say and do pretty much anything they please, but, let a white person speak out and all hell breaks loose. Who are the real racists here?

* White student unions are badly needed throughout college campuses. Better yet, whites only colleges, as nationally campuses have become so corrupted with the pro-black-and-brown, anti-white messages they can no longer provide safe, learning environments for whites.

* I found that one of the nice things about being a White male when I was attending college is that I was able to stay focused on going to class, studying, and chasing women. Every minority group had their own organization, fraternity, sorority and annoying anger filled rallies. I was free, free to do my own thing. There will always be movements like BLM that essentially take away the freedom of its members via brainwashing and time wasting. Let them be. Focus on school and move on with your life.

* How odd that African-Americans involved in the Black Lives Matter can intimidate, censor the media, and call white students terrorists. In August, BLM students shouted down Bernie Sander and took over the podium at a Washington State university. The liberal white students cheered. According to the US Census Bureau, Washington State has a black population of 3.6%. Basically, what that means is that we support you, we just don’t want to live near you. Why doesn’t Seattle build low cost housing units for blacks in a location with high job growth? The national unemployment rate for African-Americans is 9.5%. Thanks Obama!

My sister lives in a wealthy sub-division in Bend, OR. Another liberal enclave. My sister is a committed liberal, yet the African-American population in Bend, according to the US Census Bureau, is less then 5/10ths of 1%. Do you think she would want the Federal Government to build low cost housing units near her sub-division? No way. It would lower that value of her $3 million dollar home. Liberal hypocrisy.

I live in the Deep South. Some States in the South have a black population approaching 50%. Why aren’t liberal white protesters moving here? Why are African-Americans moving to the South in record numbers if the South is such a horrible place to live? Why aren’t States like Oregon and Washington begging for low cost housing or more diversity? White liberals…..they believe in diversity and inclusion for everyone else, but themselves.

* Good for them. Mizzou let 150 trouble makers take down their university. The insane Dartmouth liberals were terrorized and they apologized to the terrorists. Our universities have been run by the far left-wing moonbats for decades. Now the baleful glare of insanity has finally been turned back on them and they capitulate like the little punks they are. This country is doomed.

* BLM lost its chance for legitimacy after the “Hands Up Don’t Shoot” and “Gentle Giant” narrative turned out to be a fraud. I prayed they would lead the citizens of Ferguson to register, and turnout in droves for the 2014 election … put real meaning behind the chant “this is the face of democracy in Ferguson” we heard so often. The sad fact is only 128 new voters registered, and there was a drop in turnout.

Instead of meaningful action we get pseudo intellectual lectures from privileged black kids on “micro aggression”, “insensitivity”, “marginalization” calls for re-segregation through “safe spaces”, fanatical suppression of free speech and diverse ideas, and incredibly stupid demands for “policies for dealing with incidents the activists find offensive”.

* It’s about time some sensible groups began to push back against the overt racism and thuggery of BLM especially on college campuses where they are infringing on the rights of other student populations. BLM is highly organized and funded by extreme leftist groups. The demonstrations are not spontaneous and are becoming overtly hostile to white students and even very liberal white administrators. Time to call this movement what it is — overt racism seeking preferences for one racial group and discrimination against other racial groups and filled with hate speech. Time to put a stop to it.

* Blacks are allowed any kind of organized group they like and make it clear it’s for blacks, including the black caucus in congress. The minute any “white” group surfaces, it’s disgusting and racist.

* The only time a black person shows up at a mostly White event or organization is to create Chaos, intimidations and not add to any constructive discourse. They hate that they have to compete with other races on a level playing field.

* Why is it always accepted that the existence of a black student union or an Asian student union or one for women, Jews, Muslims or anyone else is the routine business of the day, but the suggestion of a white student union is immediately painted as abhorrent?

Even if you’re making the argument that “it’s simply not needed” then you have to show us why that’s a disqualifying factor.

A football team isn’t “needed” either if the goal of a university is to educate young minds and prepare them for the adult world, but pretty much every college in America has one.

* These kids may not have presented their case well but they have a point. Any non-white ethnic group can openly form an organization or social group and it’s accepted as being positive and supportive. Any social or professional group that’s white (or nearly all white) is suspected of being elitist or racist and it’s members are made to feel guilty by their association. There is regular commentary in the media that whites should “get out of their racial comfort zone” while people of other ethnicities happily self-segregate themselves. You can’t have it both ways.

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Life After Leaving Israel’s Ultra Orthodox Jewish Communities

VICE: Growing up as one of 12 siblings in the remote ultra-Orthodox Jewish community of Tifrach in Israel, Bar Mayer never touched a boy, went to the movies, or revealed the skin below her collarbones. When she was 17 years old, she removed her socks while scrubbing the floor at home one hot night. Her mother sent her to her room for exposing her feet.

A few weeks after this incident, Bar showed up on her brother’s doorstep in Jerusalem. He’d already broken with the community. She announced to him, “This is it. I’m not going back.” Fifteen years later, she still lives in Jerusalem. But sharing beers with me, she now wears skin-tight pants and lights a cigarette.

“You don’t go around with a sign: ‘I am ex-ultra-Orthodox,'” laughs Bar when I comment on her metamorphosis. But despite her outward appearance, she still carries her past life with her. Since leaving, she’s joined another group—the XO (ex-ultra-Orthodox) community.

The XOs are a movement of Jews in Israel and the United States united in their rejection of the ultra-Orthodox world. According to Hillel, an organization which supports people through the transition, around 1,000 people between the ages of 18 and 35 leave their communities each year. They estimate that 60 percent adopt a less stringent Jewish framework while 40 percent abandon religion altogether. With the number of XOs rising, many families ostracize those who have left. Some even “sit shiva,” which is the seven-day Jewish mourning ritual for death.

“Leaving the orthodox world basically means cutting all ties to your former world,” explains Yair Panet, a volunteer with Hillel. “Most families don’t allow any form of contact with ‘leavers.'” Bar is not dead to her parents, they speak only when necessary, a few times a year at most. The severance was painful, but Bar says she “understood that the ultra-Orthodox path was one of getting married, having kids, and staying in the community for the rest of [her] life, there was no other option.”

Many XOs are raised in total isolation from modern culture. As a result, they’ve never used the internet, watched TV, read a newspaper, or worn regular clothes. At schools in these insular communities, religious studies take precedence over basic education like math, languages, and science. Facts like evolution are denied in favor of creationism (before leaving Bar says she had not heard of a dinosaur) with up to eight hours a day spent on Jewish teachings and just two to four on secular subjects.

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Children Violated In Hancock Park?

This email is going around the Orthodox community of Los Angeles:

In addition to the letter below from the RCC, a local menahel has brought to my attention that a State Department source has credible information that there have been specific terrorist threats against the Grove although no time frame was mentioned. Please use your discretion. — Rabbi Goldberg

The following is a letter from the RCC that deserves your attention, especially parents of teenage girls:

RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF CALIFORNIA

***IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT AND WARNING***

***REGARDING THE SAFETY OF OUR CHILDREN***

It has come to our attention that our children have been violated in local establishments in the Hancock Park/Fairfax neighborhood:

Inappropriate advances were made by an attendant at a local gas station, who admitted to victimizing numerous girls.

Highly inappropriate and flirtatious behavior between workers and our children are taking place in local markets and businesses. Workers offer free or discounted donuts, candy bars and drinks which often leads to exchanging phone numbers, sending and asking for picture messages and going very far beyond. Girls have described feeling disgusted.

We live in dangerous times and our children are vulnerable. Unassuming frum children are easy prey and succumb to the wiles of predators lurking in places that are not necessarily obvious or avoidable. The coffee, donut and bagels shops and gas stations all employ workers who develop relationships with our children. Our children have to be instructed to be cautious.

PARENTS: PLEASE TALK TO YOUR CHILDREN ABOUT THEIR SAFETY. HERE ARE SOME IMPORTANT RULES TO DISCUSS WITH YOUR CHILDREN:

DO NOT WALK ALONE. Even in our neighborhood, children are safest walking in groups of 2 or 3. There is safety in numbers.

DO NOT ACCEPT GIFTS. Giving and receiving gifts and discounts creates special relationships and expectations.

DO NOT KID AROUND OR ALLOW FLIRTATION. Interactions should be pleasant, but short.

DO NOT GO INTO ROOMS OR CORNERS. ALWAYS remain in public areas.

DO NOT APPROACH CARS that you do not absolutely recognize from afar.

NEVER ENTER ANYONE’S CAR WITHOUT PARENTAL PERMISSION.

DON’T BE AFRAID TO TELL YOUR PARENTS ABOUT ANYTHING THAT VIOLATES THE ABOVE.

THE FOLLOWING IS A CHECKLIST FOR PARENTS:

CHECK ON YOUR CHILDREN OFTEN AND REMIND THEM REGULARLY OF THESE SAFETY RULES. Ask them if any of these rules have been broken – by them or their friends.

NEVER PUNISH YOUR CHILDREN for violations – You want them to feel free to talk to you.

Ask you daughters if they experienced uncomfortable or inappropriate conversations or incidents. LET THEM KNOW IT IS NOT THEIR FAULT. Make your complaint to the authorities. Help prevent it from happening to others

THIS MESSAGE IS APPROVED BY THE RABBINICAL COUNCIL OF CALIFORNIA AND MANY OF THE RABBONIM, PRINCIPALS AND EDUCATORS IN OUR COMMUNITY.

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Ethnic Conflicts: Their Biological Roots In Ethnic Nepotism

The late Tatu Vanhanen wrote in 2012:

The history of genocides implies that all nations have been more or less equally capable of carrying out genocides and ethnic cleansings in appropriate circumstances. Kiernan notes that the phenomenon transcends political labels: “Genocide has been associated with expanding colonialism, shrinking empires, religious communalism, atheist dictatorships, unfettered capitalism, National Socialism, Communist revolution, post- Communist nationalism, National Security militarism, and Islamist terror” (p. 37). It is remarkable that nearly all genocides have been directed against other racial or other ethnic groups.

This fact and the universality of ethnic violence throughout the
known human history implies that the roots of this behavior pattern may be in our common human nature. Kiernan does not refer to human nature. He tries to explain the ideological preoccupations of the perpetrators of genocide, extermination and genocidal massacres by racism, expansionism, agrarianism and antiquity (pp. 38, 605), but it seems to me that a more ultimate explanation can be traced to the continual struggle for existence and to our evolved disposition to ethnic nepotism. The struggle for the control of land and territory follows from the inevitable struggle for existence and scarce resources, and ethnic nepotism explains why the contenders are so often different ethnic groups.

Steven Pinker (2011) points out in his extensive historical analysis that brutal violence calculated by the number of killings per 100,000 people per year has declined dramatically as a consequence of the civilizing process. The twentieth century was not the bloodiest in history. He does not refer to ethnic violence, but it is quite probable that the relative extent of ethnic violence has also declined dramatically, although we do not have any exact statistical evidence on the extent of ethnic violence in the past centuries. It is probable that the civilizing process has reduced ethnic violence and replaced violent conflicts by more or less peaceful ethnic interest conflicts. Edward O. Wilson (2012) notes that war and genocide have been universal and eternal, but since “the end of the second World War, violent conflict between states has declined drastically… But civil wars, insurgencies, and state- sponsored terrorism continue unabated” (pp, 65-66).

So my theoretical explanation for the significance of ethnicity and ethnic groups is based on an evolutionary argumentation. Because we are bound to a ceaseless competition and struggle for scarce resources in politics and in many other forums of life and because we have an evolved tendency to nepotism and ethnic nepotism, many interest conflicts become canalized along ethnic lines in ethnically divided societies. It is natural for the members of an ethnic group to support each other in political interest conflicts. Thus ethnic nepotism provides the ultimate theoretical explanation for the significance of ethnicity and ethnic conflict. Because of its evolutionary roots, our behavioral predisposition to ethnic nepotism is shared by all human populations, although it can play a significant role only in ethnically divided societies and in relations between ethnically different nations. Thus my basic hypothesis is that the more deeply a population is ethnically divided, the more interest conflicts become canalized along ethnic lines.

The argument that our evolved behavioral predisposition to ethnic nepotism is shared by all human populations led me to hypothesize that we can expect ethnic interest conflicts in all ethnically divided societies, although the nature and intensity of such conflicts may vary greatly. The conflicts may vary from peaceful competition by legal means to utmost violence. The variation depends not only on the significance of an interest conflict but also on the available means to solve conflicts. There are intervening factors, which may increase or decrease the intensity of conflicts. Intervening factors include various cultural and situational factors, including political institutions and political leadership. The role of political institutions is
especially interesting for the reason that, in principle, it is easier to change political institutions than many other intervening factors. Depending on their nature, political institutions can help to accommodate ethnic interest conflicts or to deepen them. Here we come to the role of democracy in ethnic interest conflicts and to the impact of other environmental factors

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