Yale English department chairman Caleb Smith grew up in Arkansas, in a world where power operated without the psychic refinements that the northeastern intellectual tradition associates with discipline. Clinton, Walmart, Tyson Poultry, evangelical preachers: this was a political economy that did not need high culture’s sanction and did not bother with the inner life of the people it governed. Smith has said that self-discipline, the D.C. hardcore straight-edge ethic, Thoreau’s asceticism, the whole tradition of voluntary self-culture as a path toward integrity, seemed entirely at odds with how power worked in the place he came from. That gap between the official story about discipline and what he could see around him became the animating problem of his intellectual life before it became a scholarly project.
He attended Yale for graduate training, which placed him inside one of the institutions whose formation of subjects he would spend his career analyzing. The scholar who would write four books on how institutions get people to internalize their own subordination while experiencing it as growth was formed by powerful institutions in American academic life.
His first encounter with the problem that would define him came not through a theoretical text but through a series of photographs. At BOMB magazine in 2001, where he was working while still in graduate school, he edited an interview between the painter Roberto Juarez and the artist James Casebere, who had been photographing architectural models of early nineteenth-century American penitentiaries. Casebere would build small-scale tabletop models of places like Eastern State in Philadelphia and Auburn in upstate New York, then manipulate the light or flood them with water, giving the images a ghostly, uncanny quality. The cells were empty, austere, haunting. Smith found himself unable to stop thinking about them. Before that encounter, he felt his intellectual and aesthetic life as a graduate student and his political life, demonstrations, activism, were separate and unconnected. Casebere showed him that an artist working with structures and light might have special resources for the political problem of incarceration. The aesthetics were the analysis.
Caleb Smith’s work has almost zero cultural reach. His books are read by other academic specialists in nineteenth-century American literary and cultural studies, a community that could fit comfortably into a mid-sized seminar room. The Prison and the American Imagination has a Google Scholar citation count in the low hundreds, which for an academic monograph is respectable but hardly influential outside the field. He is not Michelle Alexander. He is not even Loïc Wacquant. His ideas have not caused a ripple. They have not shaped policy, changed public discourse, or produced a generation of public intellectuals who cite him. By any measure of cultural reach, he is a minor figure.
And yet Yale made him president of one of its most prestigious departments.
This tells you that the selection criteria for that position have almost nothing to do with public influence or even readership. What matters is positional credibility within a specific jurisdictional hierarchy. Smith published with a respected university press, received the right reviews in the right journals, got hired at Yale, accumulated the right committee memberships and conference invitations, and demonstrated fluency in the theoretical vocabulary his field rewards. The Yale English department presidency is not a prize for reaching people. It is a prize for successfully navigating the internal status tournament of a particular academic tribe.
Smith writes in a tradition that runs from Michel Foucault through new historicism, and the theoretical vocabulary he deploys is not simply a set of terms but a set of pre-authorized moves. Each term carries embedded conclusions. When Smith writes about the penitentiary as a “biopolitical” project, he imports Foucault’s entire framework in which institutions manage populations rather than address individual wrongdoing. The word does not describe a finding. It announces an allegiance and pre-empts a range of alternative explanations. A reader fluent in the vocabulary recognizes the signal immediately: this scholar has done the reading, accepts the framework, and will not embarrass the tradition by concluding something naive like “prisons exist because some people commit serious violence.”
The key terms in Smith’s register include biopolitics, the carceral, sovereignty, bare life (from Agamben), the social death (from Orlando Patterson, applied beyond slavery), interiority, and the subject. Each of these words arrives pre-loaded. “Bare life” means life stripped of political standing, which frames the prisoner as someone the state has placed outside the human community rather than someone who placed himself outside it by harming others. “Social death” extends Patterson’s analysis of slavery to incarceration, which does significant rhetorical work: it aligns the prisoner with the slave, making punishment morally continuous with the worst institution in American history. “The subject” in this vocabulary is always being produced by power rather than exercising agency, which means the prisoner’s violence is always already an effect of prior forces rather than a choice.
Fluency means knowing when to deploy these terms and when to let them do their work quietly. A cruder scholar announces the framework too loudly and sounds like an undergraduate who just discovered Foucault. Smith is accomplished, which means the theoretical vocabulary is worn lightly enough that it feels like description. He moves between archival material, literary close reading, and theoretical framing with enough ease that the embedded conclusions feel earned.
The other dimension of fluency is knowing what not to say. Smith’s vocabulary has no good term for the victim of violent crime. There is no equivalent of “bare life” for the person a prisoner killed. There is no Agamben-derived concept that elevates the murder victim to a figure of political and philosophical significance. The vocabulary was built to do one job and it does that job well, but the absence of counter-vocabulary is not accidental. A scholar who introduced victim-centered analysis into this framework would need to import terms from outside the tradition, which would register as theoretical naivety or political bad faith to readers trained in the same vocabulary.
This is what Stephen Turner’s critique of tacit knowledge gets at. The theoretical vocabulary of the field is not just a set of explicit claims that can be evaluated on their merits. It is a set of trained dispositions, habits of attention and inattention, that determine what counts as a relevant observation and what can be safely ignored. Smith does not decide, paper by paper, to ignore victims. The framework he works in simply has no optics for them. The vocabulary shapes perception before the scholar sits down to write.
The reward structure reinforces this. Peer reviewers at journals like American Literature or PMLA, press readers at Yale or Chicago or Duke, search committees at elite departments, all operate within the same vocabulary. They are not evaluating whether the framework is true. They are evaluating whether the scholar has mastered the framework. A book that challenged the foundational assumptions of carceral critique would not simply be disagreed with. It would read as incompetent, as evidence that the scholar had not done the necessary theoretical work, because the necessary theoretical work is defined as work that accepts and deploys the vocabulary correctly.
Smith’s presidency of the Yale English department is in part a recognition that he has mastered this system at a high level. He has demonstrated that he can reproduce the vocabulary fluently, train graduate students to reproduce it in turn, and represent the department’s intellectual commitments to the wider field. The position rewards not influence but correct reproduction. He is, in Bourdieu’s terms, someone who has accumulated the right kind of cultural capital within a field whose rules he had no part in writing but has navigated with considerable skill.
His Foucauldian-carceral framework is a status technology within that tribe. It signals theoretical sophistication, political seriousness, and alignment with the field’s dominant moral commitments. A scholar who wrote equally careful literary history but concluded that punishment was sometimes just, or that victims deserved sustained analytical attention, would find the same doors considerably harder to open. The framework is not incidental to the career. The framework is how the career gets built.
This is David Pinsof’s Alliance Theory running inside an institution. The moral vocabulary of carceral critique functions as a coalition signal. Deploying it correctly tells your peers that you belong, that you share the field’s commitments, that you are safe to promote and reward. Smith does this fluently and his work is genuinely good within its terms, which makes him more useful to the department as a representative figure. He embodies the field’s self-image: serious, theoretically informed, politically engaged with the right causes, and productively obscure enough that he will never be embarrassed by actual public scrutiny of his arguments.
The obscurity is almost protective. Mailer’s sympathy for Abbott became a scandal because Abbott killed someone and the New York Times covered it the next morning. Smith’s sympathy for the condemned prisoner as moral and literary authority will never produce that kind of reckoning because it lives entirely in texts that almost nobody outside New Haven reads. The abstraction insulates the position. You can treat the violent criminal as a figure of redemptive suffering in a Yale University Press monograph without ever having to answer for it the way Mailer did at a press conference in 1981.
That insulation is part of what makes the academic version of this sympathy so durable. It costs nothing and risks nothing, while still delivering the full status return within the coalition that matters to the person holding it.
The esteem for this jargon has nothing to do with whether it produces true claims. It is about what the jargon does socially and institutionally.
The first thing it does is create a barrier to entry. Any intelligent person who reads widely can evaluate a clear argument. Not any intelligent person can evaluate an argument conducted in Agamben’s vocabulary without having done the prior reading. The jargon functions as a credentialing filter: it separates people who have been through the graduate training from people who have not. This is not unique to literary studies. Medical vocabulary, legal vocabulary, and financial vocabulary do the same thing. But in fields where the empirical content is thin and the methodological standards are loose, the vocabulary carries more weight because it is doing more of the work of establishing legitimacy. A chemist’s authority rests partly on jargon and partly on the fact that the experiment either works or it does not. A Foucauldian literary scholar’s authority rests almost entirely on demonstrated mastery of a vocabulary because there is no equivalent experimental check.
The second thing it does is pre-authorize conclusions while appearing to derive them. This is the move Turner identifies when he talks about essentialism: the vocabulary smuggles in a picture of how the world works and then presents findings as discoveries. When Smith uses “biopolitics” he is not describing a property he found in the archive. He is applying a lens that guarantees certain things will come into focus and others will not. The esteem the vocabulary receives reflects the esteem the conclusions receive, but because the conclusions are embedded in the terms rather than stated openly, they are insulated from direct challenge. You cannot argue with a conclusion that is never quite stated as a conclusion.
The third function is coalition signaling. The theoretical vocabulary of the post-structuralist tradition is politically inflected in a specific direction. Deploying it correctly signals membership in a political as well as intellectual community. A scholar who writes about “carceral logics” and “the production of bare life” is announcing something about his values and allegiances that goes well beyond the specific argument he is making. His readers know where he stands on policing, on punishment, on the state, on capitalism. The vocabulary is a handshake. It tells the field’s gatekeepers that this person shares the community’s commitments and can be trusted with its resources: journal space, press contracts, jobs, grants, prizes.
This is why challenges to the vocabulary feel so threatening to people inside the tradition. Pointing out that “bare life” is doing rhetorical work rather than analytical work is not just a methodological criticism. It reads as an attack on the political community the vocabulary constitutes. Turner’s critique of tacit knowledge is uncomfortable in this tradition for exactly that reason. He is not just saying the arguments are weak. He is exposing the social machinery that makes the arguments feel strong to people trained to produce them.
The fourth function is to provide a stable supply of publishable work. A mature theoretical vocabulary generates an inexhaustible research program. Every new archive, every new literary text, every new historical episode can be run through the same framework to produce another demonstration that power works the way Foucault said it does, that the carceral operates as Smith says it operates, that sovereignty produces bare life as Agamben argued. The findings are guaranteed in advance by the framework, which means the research program never runs out of material and never genuinely risks falsification. This is enormously useful institutionally. It means the field can keep producing books and articles and dissertations at the rate the university system demands without anyone having to do the genuinely difficult and risky work of making claims that might turn out to be wrong.
The esteem also has a historical explanation. The theoretical vocabulary that dominates literary studies arrived in American universities in the 1970s and 1980s via French theory, and it arrived at a moment when the humanities were under pressure to justify their existence. The sciences had prestige because they produced knowledge that worked. The social sciences had prestige because they produced quantifiable findings. Literary study had neither. Importing a dense theoretical vocabulary that looked like philosophy and claimed to reveal hidden structures of power gave the humanities a claim to rigor and political seriousness. It solved an institutional problem. The jargon said: we are not just teaching people to appreciate novels. We are uncovering the power relations that structure all of social life. That was a stronger institutional argument than anything the New Criticism had offered, and the field embraced it with the enthusiasm of people who had been waiting for a way to matter.
What the vocabulary has never recovered from, and mostly does not try to, is the basic question of whether it produces true claims about the world. The insulation from that question is a feature rather than a bug. A tradition that could be falsified would be a tradition under constant pressure. A tradition whose core moves are validated by the community that reproduces them is stable, self-perpetuating, and very good at rewarding the people who master it.
In 2009, Yale University Press published Smith’s The Prison and the American Imagination, which, again, almost nobody read. The book traced a genealogy of the American penitentiary from its origins in Enlightenment reform to the prison industrial complex, focusing on the paradox at the heart of the early prison systems: the penitentiary cell was a space of living death and spiritual rebirth, violent dehumanization and the promise of conversion. The early prison reformers, the Quakers and their successors who built Eastern State and Auburn, believed that solitary confinement was a technology of the soul. They thought that by stripping away all social contact and forcing the prisoner into sustained self-examination, they could produce moral transformation. The prisoner would become penitent. The penitentiary would redeem. Smith’s analysis did not treat this as hypocrisy or cynical ideology. It took the reformers’ belief seriously and asked what it revealed about the relationship between discipline, authority, and the self in American culture.
The Oracle and the Curse, published by Harvard University Press in 2013, extended this inquiry into the courtroom. The book examined how judges and criminal defendants make claims to justice by speaking as vessels of a higher law, a suppression of personal identity that, when it works, enlarges the speaker’s ethical and political authority. The oracle speaks not as himself but as the law. The defendant who successfully performs contrition speaks not as a calculating person trying to reduce a sentence but as a reformed soul submitting to a structure larger than personal interest. Both performances require the suppression of the individual self in favor of an institutional script, and both, when successful, produce something that looks like justice.
The connection between these two books and Smith’s situation as a department chair is not accidental. The penitentiary, the courtroom, and the university English department are all institutions that exercise discipline while making that discipline feel like something else, something higher, more legitimate, more like growth or justice than control. Graduate students adopt their advisors’ frameworks not because they are coerced but because the letter of recommendation and the placement network are controlled by the people whose priorities they must internalize. The transaction is rational for both parties. The cumulative effect is a reproduction system that selects reliably for the coalition’s next generation. Smith has written four books analyzing this exact mechanism in other institutional contexts.
Before The Oracle and the Curse appeared, Smith authenticated and edited Austin Reed’s 1858 manuscript, The Life and the Adventures of a Haunted Convict, published by Random House in 2016 as the first known prison memoir by an African American writer. The manuscript had surfaced at an estate sale in Rochester and made its way to Yale’s Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, where it sat unidentified for years. Smith worked with curators and archivists to authenticate it as a first-person narrative by Austin Reed, a free Black man from Rochester who was already tracing connections between prison and slavery in the decades before the Civil War. The editorial work required archival skills of a painstaking kind: establishing provenance, authenticating handwriting, situating the text within the literary and carceral history of antebellum New York.
Smith’s account of how readers responded to the Reed edition is a particularly self-aware passage. He met many readers who wanted Reed to be an innocent victim of the system, though Reed openly confessed to his crimes. Smith came to believe that the wish for Reed’s legal innocence was connected to another wish, the desire to read his work as unadulterated testimony rather than as literary art. Even when Smith described the book as a carefully constructed literary memoir, readers kept calling it a diary or journal. They needed Reed to be a documentary witness rather than an artist because that was the only framework in which they could access a text by an incarcerated writer without acknowledging the full complexity of his agency. Smith’s resistance to this framing, his insistence that Reed was a convict, a writer, and an abolitionist, is a refusal of the innocence frame that runs through all his work. The phrase he uses in conversation with Rachel Kushner says it: souls without innocence. People who are impure as hell but shine.
Thoreau’s Axe: Distraction and Discipline in American Culture, published by Princeton University Press in 2024, is the sharpest point of contact between Smith’s scholarly project and his institutional situation. The axe in the title is Thoreau’s tool at Walden, but it is also the discipline he imposes on his own attention, the way he cuts away distraction to reach what matters. Smith’s interest is in how American culture has managed the tension between self-discipline as liberation and self-discipline as submission to a structure that was never yours to begin with. Thoreau chooses his axe. The book argues that this choice, this voluntary self-culture, exists on a continuum with the disciplinary technologies of the penitentiary and the courtroom, not because Thoreau was an agent of the carceral state but because the same cultural anxieties about attention, selfhood, and moral formation produced both.
The argument has direct implications for the situation of an English department chair managing a tight academic job market. The graduate student in the seminar adopts the framework of her field and her advisor. The phenomenology of that adoption can feel exactly like Thoreau’s axe: self-chosen, clarifying, a way of cutting through to what matters. The structural conditions producing it are different. But the person inside the experience cannot always tell the difference from the outside, and Smith has spent his career arguing that this is not an accident. Institutions of discipline are designed to make their constraints feel like freedom.
Smith’s critical essays, collected across the Yale Review, Critical Inquiry, the Los Angeles Review of Books, and the Chronicle of Higher Education, display a range of sensibility that his monographs, focused as they are, do not fully convey. The review of Ben Marcus’s The Flame Alphabet in the Yale Review is the best literary criticism he has published. He argues that Marcus’s novel uses the conceit of language toxicity not to make the usual comforting claim that a flawed language is all we have but to show how a carefully honed prose becomes the only implement of self-preservation in a diseased world. The review demonstrates close attention to sentence-level prose of the kind that Smith’s monographs, which work at larger historical and theoretical scales, do not require him to display. He is reading Marcus’s sentences the way a scholar trained in New Criticism reads poetry: attending to their shape, their rhythm, their relationship to the argument they are performing.
The David Mitchell review makes a related point about historical fiction. Smith reads The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet through Georg Lukács’s theory of the historical novel and argues that Mitchell’s use of the genre is subtly self-critical: the novel returns the historical novel to the era of its birth and leads the genre to reflect on the circumstances of its own development. The pleasure of identification that Mitchell’s decent average protagonist offers is genuine, but Smith notes that the novel is also available to be read with a cold analytic suspicion, an eye for its half-truths and deceptions. That is Smith’s characteristic critical move: taking the affective pleasures of a form seriously while asking what the form conceals.
The Foucault essay for the Chronicle Review, published in 2024 to mark forty years since Foucault’s death, reveals Smith’s intellectual position. He defends Foucault against the right-wing caricature without endorsing the identitarian appropriation of Foucault’s work that he regards as equally distorting. His central argument is that Foucault was committed to truth-telling, not relativism, and that the distinction between Foucault’s skepticism about knowledge and a cynical post-truth politics is one that Foucault’s critics on both the right and center-left have consistently failed to draw. The essay’s observation that Foucault’s critiques of expert-driven institutions fostered whole new fields of expert knowledge is the kind of reflexive point that Smith makes without laboring it: the critical apparatus built on Foucault’s work became its own disciplinary regime.
More personally significant is the essay’s engagement with Foucault’s late turn toward ancient practices of the self. Foucault in his final years moved away from the analysis of external discipline toward the question of what it might mean to exercise voluntary discipline over oneself, to shape one’s own life as a work of art. Smith identifies this turn as continuous with Foucault’s earlier work. The arts of the self, asceticism, devotional practice, sustained attention, the willingness to submit to voluntary restraints in order to change one’s habits and open up new perceptions, these are the same practices that appear throughout Smith’s own scholarship, in the penitentiary’s fantasy of spiritual rehabilitation, in Thoreau’s Axe, in the D.C. hardcore ethic of self-discipline that Smith absorbed growing up before he had a theoretical framework for it.
The “Art of Debunking” essay, reviewing a cultural history of American mesmerism, contains a question that functions as self-description: “Could it be that the object of debunking matters less to the secularist than the act itself? Could it be that what secularism really wants is not to banish false prophets but to trot them out, endlessly, so that it can demonstrate its mastery over them?” The question applies to the culture of discipline analysis itself. A critic who keeps producing analyses of how discipline operates is performing a kind of mastery over the phenomenon that is itself a form of the phenomenon. Smith is asking this about secularism, but the structure is reflexive in ways he clearly intends.
The “Distracted” essay, which addresses crisis talk and method wars in the critical humanities, suggests Smith is suspicious of the institutional performance of humanities crisis, the way that lamenting the state of the field can substitute for addressing it. That suspicion runs through his work as a distinctive editorial sensibility. He co-organized the Los Angeles Review of Books series “No Crisis,” explicitly positioning it against the discourse of disciplinary decline. The series’ premise, that the art of criticism is flourishing in hard times, is not optimism. It is a methodological decision to focus on what the work is.
Smith became chair of the Yale English department at a moment when the post-DEI operational environment and the pressure from the second Trump administration had created conditions in which the department’s institutional commitments would be tested from outside at the same moment that they were being renegotiated from within. His position as the person responsible for hiring, curriculum, and placement at the most prestigious English program in the country places him where his scholarship has always been: at the intersection of scholarly commitment and institutional reproduction, where the question of whether discipline serves liberation or submission cannot be answered in the abstract and must be lived out in practice.
The oracle who knows he is an oracle does not thereby escape the structural position. The judge who understands how legal authority is constructed still has to perform the suppression of personal identity to exercise it. Smith has written four books establishing this point with considerable rigor and personal investment. He now chairs the department whose reproduction system his scholarship has spent two decades analyzing. The self-awareness is genuine, as the conversation with Kushner, the essays, and the Foucault piece all demonstrate. What the self-awareness produces institutionally is a different question, and the placement machine, the hiring committee, and the coalition maintenance do not yield to the sophistication of the person managing them. That is the argument his books make.
Hero System
Freedom is the word, and no two men who say it mean the same thing.
The Quaker reformer who raised Eastern State in the 1820s says freedom and means the soul let out of the body, the appetites starved down by solitude until the man in the cell has nothing left to listen to but God. The cell is the instrument of his freedom. He turns the key as an act of mercy and believes it. A Trappist in his stall says freedom and means the Rule, the hours kept, the will handed over so a larger thing can move through him. He is free the way a riverbed is free, by holding a shape and letting the water do the rest. A parole officer with forty files on her desk and a laminated badge on a lanyard says freedom and means a status with conditions, a thing the state hands out and takes back, a signature and a curfew and a clean drug screen. A horn player at the back of a smoke-stained room says freedom and means the twenty years of scales that bought him the right to forget them, the discipline driven so deep the form drops away and the line comes out clean. And the man who loves his people and the ground he was raised on says freedom and means belonging, the liberty of a son in his father’s house, rooted, known, answerable to his own, free because he is not adrift. None of them is lying. Each word sits inside a hero system that gives it weight, and lifted out of that system the word goes slack.
Caleb Smith has spent his life on this word, and he can no longer say it plain. That is the wound, and it is worth being patient about, because the man is honorable and the trouble is real.
Freedom is the word, and no two men who say it mean the same thing.
The Quaker reformer who raised Eastern State in the 1820s says freedom and means the soul let out of the body, the appetites starved down by solitude until the man in the cell has nothing left to listen to but God. The cell is the instrument of his freedom. He turns the key as an act of mercy and believes it. A Trappist in his stall says freedom and means the Rule, the hours kept, the will handed over so a larger thing can move through him. He is free the way a riverbed is free, by holding a shape and letting the water do the rest. A parole officer with forty files on her desk and a laminated badge on a lanyard says freedom and means a status with conditions, a thing the state hands out and takes back, a signature and a curfew and a clean drug screen. A horn player at the back of a smoke-stained room says freedom and means the twenty years of scales that bought him the right to forget them, the discipline driven so deep the form drops away and the line comes out clean. And the man who loves his people and the ground he was raised on says freedom and means belonging, the liberty of a son in his father’s house, rooted, known, answerable to his own, free because he is not adrift. None of them is lying. Each word sits inside a hero system that gives it weight, and lifted out of that system the word goes slack.
Caleb Smith has spent his life on this word, and he can no longer say it plain. That is the wound, and it is worth being patient about, because the man is honorable and the trouble is real.
Ernest Becker (1924-1974) said a man earns the sense that his life counts by serving a thing that outlasts him, and that under every such project runs the fear of death, dressed in whatever costume the culture hands out. Smith serves a hard thing. He came up in Arkansas, in the country of Walmart and Tyson and the evangelical pulpit, where power ran the people without troubling itself over their souls. He watched the American story about self-discipline, the Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) who clears his head with an axe, the straight-edge kid who builds a self by refusal, the whole long tradition that says you make yourself free by making yourself hard, and he could not lay it over the power he saw, which did not care whether a man had an inner life at all. The gap opened the question. If discipline is the road to integrity, why does it look so much like the thing that breaks a horse to the saddle. He has chased that question through four books. The question has a private edge, because the boy who hauled himself up out of that world by the disciplines of study is the best evidence for both answers at once. He might be the free man the tradition promises. He might be its most polished captive.
His terror runs deeper than dying. His tradition teaches that the self is produced by power, that interiority is a device the institution installs so that subjection can be borne. Follow the teaching all the way down and the made self he built out of Arkansas, the disciplined reader, the man of integrity who got to Yale on the strength of his own attention, becomes the warden’s handiwork, a cell he kept swept and called a study. There sits the fear under the scholarship. Not the grave. The grave a man can face. The fear is that the inner life he staked everything on is the prison’s finest trick, and that the freedom of the boy who read his way out was the cage learning to smile. He cannot put the fear down, because his own framework keeps feeding it. He has written the books that give the suspicion teeth.
His hero is the disenchanter who will not take the comfort of innocence. The penitentiary promised to remake the soul through solitude. The court lets the guilty man speak as a reformed soul and calls the performance justice. The seminar tells the student she is finding her own voice while she learns to reproduce her advisor’s. Smith looks at each and refuses both consoling readings, the one that calls the promise a lie and the one that swallows it whole. He holds the tension open. The prisoner is produced by power, and the prisoner chose his crime. Austin Reed, the free Black man whose 1858 manuscript Smith recovered and authenticated from a Yale archive, is a casualty of the system and a man who confessed his deeds and an artist who shaped them into abolitionist literature. Readers came to Smith wanting Reed innocent. He would not give them that. The phrase he handed Rachel Kushner (b. 1968) holds his whole creed. Souls without innocence. People impure as hell who shine.
Now run his sacred words through the prism, because here the empathy earns its keep.
Take dignity. For the tradition Smith writes inside, dignity is the thing the state strips when it produces bare life, the standing torn off a man to leave him a body the law can hold without answering to. Giorgio Agamben (b. 1942) gives the word its edge, and through that lens the prisoner is a man cast outside the human community by sovereign power, dignity owed and denied. Carry the same word to the Arkansas preacher Smith fled and dignity turns inside out. To the preacher, dignity is moral agency, the terrible gift of being a creature who can sin and answer for it. Take a man’s capacity to be guilty and you have not spared him, you have unmanned him, reduced him to a thing that happens rather than a soul that acts. Carry the word again to the man rooted in his people and dignity becomes honor, a place in an order, the regard of kin and the standing earned among them, a thing a man can forfeit and a thing he can die to keep. Three honest men, one word, three worlds. Smith’s own use threads between them. Souls without innocence is dignity wrenched loose from purity, dignity granted to the guilty without pretending they are clean, and it reaches back toward the preacher’s gospel with the God removed. Grace for sinners. It is the warmest thing in him, and the most haunted, because his vocabulary gave him no clean way to say it and he had to smuggle it past his own training.
Take freedom again, the word the essay began on, and watch it break in his hand. His Foucauldian inheritance taught him to hear freedom as the prison’s keyword, the name the institution gives the obedience it installs. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) in his last years turned toward the arts of the self, the ancient practice of shaping a life through voluntary restraint, and Smith reads that turn as continuous with everything before it, not a break. The same axe. So when the graduate student feels her training as liberation, self-chosen, clarifying, hers, Smith hears the cell door swing on oiled hinges. He cannot trust the feeling of freedom, in her or in himself, because he has spent twenty years on the cases where the feeling was the trap. That distrust is his integrity and his cage at once. The horn player trusts the discipline that bought his freedom. The Trappist trusts the Rule. The man among his own people trusts the rootedness that holds him. Smith trusts none of it, and the refusal to trust is the one freedom left to him, the freedom of a man who sees the bars clearly and stays in the room because he has proven to himself there is no door.
His immortality is built on stranger ground than most men’s. Smith has almost no readers. His books rest in the low hundreds of citations, studied by a guild that might fit in a single seminar room. He is not a public force and never will be. Yale made him chair of its most storied English department anyway, which tells you what his immortality is made of. Not reach. Not the public mind. The transmission of a tradition through the students he trains to carry it, the well-made book in the right press, the place at the center of a small sovereign world that sets the terms for the larger one. His symbolic immortality runs through the discipline, through the next generation reading the texts the way he taught them, through the form kept alive after the body is gone. But the tradition he transmits holds at its core that the self is an effect and not an author, that there is no innocent agent under the social production. So the thing he would make permanent dissolves the moment it succeeds. He builds a monument to the claim that there are no monument-builders, only positions that power fills. He hopes to live on through a self his own scholarship denies exists.
There are many hero systems ranged against his, and he knows it, which is part of why the chair is heavy. The scientist who measures and the engineer who builds hold a hero system that finds his whole vocabulary unfalsifiable and therefore idle, a closed shop that never risks a wrong answer. The believer holds one that finds it a long evasion of sin. The man who loves his nation holds one that finds it corrosive at the root, a solvent poured on the bonds of kin and place and inherited loyalty, a teaching that trains the young to read belonging as false consciousness and obedience as injury. To that last hero, Smith’s tradition has a luminous concept for the man in the cell and no word at all for the people the man harmed, no word for the order he tore, no word for the wronged. The framework can see the prisoner stripped of standing. It cannot see the widow. The absence is not an oversight. The words were built to do one job, and a scholar who tried to carry in the victim would read to his peers as naive or in bad faith, because the guild has trained its readers to find the prisoner’s suffering and to feel the victim’s a vulgar distraction. Where Smith says the subject is produced by power, the rooted man says the man chose, and a real person bled for the choosing. Where Smith says social death, lifting Orlando Patterson (b. 1940) term off slavery and laying it over the prison, the rooted man says the bonds were real and the breaking of them was a crime against more than one body. Each is honest inside his own house. Each finds the other’s freedom a kind of captivity.
The cheap reading says his whole apparatus is a cover, that under the talk of biopolitics sits the ordinary academic hunger for rank, the fear that Yale might slip and a rival might rise. Trot out the sophistication, name the status fear beneath it, demonstrate your mastery over the man by seeing through him. Smith wrote the essay that catches the move. Reviewing a history of American mesmerism, he asked whether the debunker cares less about the false prophet than about the act of debunking, whether what the secular mind wants is not to banish the charlatans but to parade them, endlessly, as proof of its own command over them. The deflation of Smith is that parade. To announce that his hero system is status fear in fancy dress is to perform the very mastery his essay described, debunking as its own hero system, the critic trotting out the scholar to show the room he has seen through him. Becker might refuse the move on other grounds. The hero system is not a mask over a baser drive. It is how the drive lives in a man who knows he will die. There is no truer fear hiding under the love of the work. The love of the work is the shape the fear takes. To call the nobler name a lie is to claim a knowledge of Smith’s heart the evidence will not give.
The cost has two faces, and he can see both, which is the warm thing and the sad thing in him. The first is the victim his words cannot hold, the moral reality his hero system has no eyes for, the people his terms turn into the silent ground of someone else’s redemption story. He has the honesty to feel the gap and not the vocabulary to close it, and he reaches across it with souls without innocence and almost gets there. The second cost cuts the other way from what you might expect. When Norman Mailer (1923-2007) championed the convict Jack Henry Abbott (1944-2002) and Abbott knifed a man to death weeks out of prison, Mailer answered for it at a press conference while the country watched. Smith’s sympathy for the condemned as a figure of suffering and shine will never face that reckoning, because it lives in monographs almost no one reads. The obscurity that makes him minor also makes him safe. He can hold the morally radical position at no risk, draw the full return inside the only room that counts to him, and never stand at Mailer’s podium. The smallness the record hands him is also his armor. A wide readership might force him to answer the way Mailer had to. The seminar room spares him the question, and the sparing is a loss as much as a shelter, because the man is brave enough to have earned the harder test and the structure withholds it.
He sees all of this. That is what sets him apart and what holds him. He knows the chair reproduces the field’s next generation. He knows the framework picks its findings before the archive opens. He knows the sympathy is insulated by its own obscurity. He knows the oracle who understands how oracles work still has to suppress the personal self to speak as the law. He wrote it down, with rigor, against his own interest. And the writing changes nothing in the engine. The placement network still runs through his office. The student still takes up the frame and feels it as her own axe, self-chosen, clarifying, hers. Smith can name the structure with total accuracy from inside it, and the structure does not loosen for the naming. His clarity is not an exit. It is the most lucid account anyone has written of why there is no exit, set down by the man best placed to find one if one were there.
Three coordinates, then, to fix the figure. His hero is the disenchanter who refuses the comfort of innocence, the Arkansas boy who read his way out and gave his life to the suspicion that reading out was a finer cell. The rival he fights without naming is the believer of his childhood, the preacher who holds that a man chooses, that sin is real, that the wronged have standing too, and Smith fights him hardest at the moment he comes closest, when grace for the guilty turns out to be the preacher’s gospel in disenchanted dress. The cost his ledger cannot price is the victim his careful words were built to overlook, and behind it the reckoning his obscurity will always spare him, the test he is honorable enough to have wanted and small enough to escape.
He made a life out of seeing how the cage comes to feel like freedom. The seeing is real. The cage is the seeing.
Notes
* Why are academic elites like Caleb Smith so passionate about violent criminals? The standard answers are the ones that sound good at faculty meetings: empathy for the marginalized, commitment to social justice, recognition that criminalization reflects racial and class bias rather than moral failure. These are the stated reasons. David Pinsof’s frameworks generate a different set of answers that the prior analysis has been building toward without quite assembling them around this specific question.
The first real answer is the sacred value function. Pinsof establishes that sacred values stabilize status games by disguising them as the pursuit of non-status-related ends. Sympathy for violent criminals is a nearly perfect sacred value for elite academic humanists because it is maximally costly as a signal and maximally distant from any appearance of self-interest. The person who expresses genuine sympathy for someone convicted of violence is demonstrating that their moral commitments extend beyond the comfortable, beyond the obviously innocent, beyond the victims whose sympathy costs nothing. The costliness is the point. It is a handicap display in Zahavi’s sense: only someone whose coalition membership and institutional position are secure enough to absorb the social cost of that sympathy can afford to express it without career damage. A junior scholar at a regional state university cannot easily publish a book sympathetically analyzing the literary production of violent criminals. A tenured Yale professor can. The sympathy signals exactly the institutional security and coalition thickness that makes it affordable.
The second answer is the opinion game. Smith’s scholarly project establishes him as someone whose moral commitments extend to souls without innocence, to people who are impure but shine, to convicts who are also writers and abolitionists. This is an opinion in Pinsof’s technical sense: it carries positive judgments about the people who share it, they are sophisticated, they have moved beyond the innocence frame, they understand that full humanity does not require blamelessness, and negative judgments about people who do not, they are naive, they are participating in the penitential fantasy, they require innocence as the price of moral consideration. The sympathy for violent criminals is a power move in this opinion game because it most completely differentiates the player from the naive liberal who can only extend sympathy to the obviously innocent victim.
The third answer is the status game collapse dynamic. Pinsof establishes that status games collapse and re-emerge in antithetical forms. The Victorian bourgeois status game rewarded visible moral rectitude, respectable distance from criminality, the performance of lawfulness as class marker. The academic humanist counter-elite invented an anti-status game that takes the opposite form. Sympathy for violent criminals is a complete inversion of the Victorian respectability game: it signals that the player has moved so far beyond the bourgeois moral framework that even its most fundamental exclusions, the violent, the criminal, the dangerous, do not govern their sympathies. The sympathy is partly constituted by its opposition to the status game it replaced.
The fourth answer is the hybrid vigor and outsider formation argument. He grew up in Arkansas where the gap between official moral narratives about discipline and rehabilitation and the operation of power through convict leasing and racial violence was viscerally real before it was intellectually interesting. Violent criminals in that context were not abstractions requiring theoretical sympathy. They were people whose relationship to the carceral state was a function of race, class. The sympathy is partly genuine in the sense that it is grounded in a formation that made the official story about criminality and punishment feel false before it became a scholarly problem.
The fifth answer is a direct application of Pinsof’s frameworks. The vague bullshit essay established that vague theoretical vocabulary selects for the right coalition by alienating outsiders while attracting likeminded allies. The sympathy for violent criminals functions as a coalition filter in exactly this sense. The person who can engage seriously with the literary production of a violent criminal, who can read his prison memoir as literary art, who can hold the categories of convict and writer and abolitionist without requiring resolution: this person has demonstrated the kind of sophisticated moral and intellectual formation that the Yale English coalition requires of its members. The sympathy is partly a credentialing move. It demonstrates the right kind of sensibility to the right community of readers.
The sixth answer comes from the morality is not nice essay. Pinsof establishes that morality is a coordination device for dominating rivals, that the mean part lives underground and the nice part lives on the surface. The sympathy for violent criminals coordinates the elite academic humanist coalition against a specific rival: the law and order coalition whose moral vocabulary presents criminality as individual moral failure requiring punishment. The sympathy is the nicely surfaced version of a mean underground operation: it delegitimizes the rival coalition’s foundational premise that the criminal justice system tracks moral desert rather than race, class, and structural violence. The sympathy does not serve the violent criminals it appears to serve. It serves the coalition that deploys it as a weapon against the rival coalition’s moral authority.
The seventh answer is the Beckerian. The carceral state is the visible available instantiation of the culture of discipline that Smith has spent his career analyzing. The violent criminal who has passed through the penitentiary system, who has been subjected to total institutional power over individual life, who has experienced the suppression of personal identity that the system requires, is the figure who most completely embodies the territory Smith’s scholarly map describes. The sympathy for this figure is partly the fascination of the person who has built his hero system around the analysis of disciplinary power encountering its most extreme expression. The violent criminal is the oracle position taken to its logical endpoint: the person for whom the institutional vocabulary of rehabilitation and redemption is most clearly a cover story for control.
What all of these answers share is the structure the entire analysis below has been documenting: the stated reason, genuine moral sympathy for people whose humanity the criminal justice system denies, and the actual operation, coalition signaling, status game inversion, opinion game move, sacred value display, moral coordination against rivals. Both are true. The sympathy is real and it is also doing all of these other things, which is why the fascination is so stable and so widespread among people whose institutional positions make it fashionable to express.
An instructive case remains Jack Henry Abbott. Abbott had a long history of criminal convictions including manslaughter and bank robbery when Norman Mailer took up his cause. Abbott wrote Mailer while incarcerated in a federal penitentiary, warning him that most writers failed to capture the reality of prison life and offering his services as an insider voice. Mailer fell hard for the performance. He petitioned Abbott’s parole board, describing Abbott as “a powerful and important American writer.” Abbott’s letters from prison began appearing in the New York Review of Books; he signed a contract with Random House; and he became a celebrity literary figure in New York. Attending Abbott’s subsequent murder trial were Norman Mailer, Jerzy Kosinski, Susan Sarandon, and Christopher Walken. Sarandon became so attached that she and Tim Robbins named their son “Jack Henry.” Six weeks after being paroled, Abbott killed a waiter named Richard Adan following a trivial argument at a New York cafe.
A similar case featured William F. Buckley, who in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary championed the cause of the murderer Edgar Smith, with disastrous results.
The George Jackson story runs through the French intellectual elite at full force. In 1971, Jean Genet mobilized support for Jackson and the Soledad Brothers and secured signatures from Roland Barthes, Maurice Blanchot, Julia Kristeva, Jacques Derrida, Marguerite Duras, and others. Genet wrote the preface to the French edition of Jackson’s Soledad Brother. Jackson’s letters and his death stirred Michel Foucault’s Prison Information Group to action, fueling a broad abolitionist movement in France marked by prison riots. Foucault went further: Jackson’s writings had a transformative effect on Foucault’s critical theory, pushing him toward what he called “the most maligned of all wars, civil war,” which became his matrix for understanding all social struggles and relations of power.
What drives this? Several things operate together. The first is the logic Kosinski named honestly after Abbott killed again: he said he had “the desire to believe that talent does in fact redeem, the impulse to romanticize Abbott’s life, and the need to partake in one of the literary community’s rituals.” The second is straightforward coalition-building: violent criminals from marginalized groups become proxies in domestic political arguments. French intellectuals after May ’68 found in the Panthers what they could not produce at home. For Genet, Varda, and Godard, the Black Panther Party was a surface onto which they projected their frustrations with the failed French revolution, allowing them to see the Panthers as harbingers of a new form of revolution.
The third force is the way literary culture turns prison time into a credential. A man who has suffered state violence and can write about it fluently gets treated as a prophet. The suffering launders the violence. Abbott was a psychopath who killed a waiter for asking him to use the staff bathroom. Critics who re-read In the Belly of the Beast after the murder noted that Abbott blamed all of his issues on the penal system and showed no capacity for self-examination. The literary establishment had performed its ritual — championing the outsider, the sufferer, the rebel voice — and a young man named Richard Adan paid for it.
The pattern holds across the political spectrum but concentrates on the left because left-wing hero systems treat state violence as the primary moral category. Once you frame a criminal as a victim of the state, his actual victims shrink or disappear. The French signatories who backed George Jackson were not unintelligent people. They were people whose alliance commitments structured what they could see.
Tom Wolfe’s “Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny’s” (1970) is the essential text for understanding this pattern, and it cuts deeper than most people remember.
The essay describes a January 1970 fundraising party at Leonard Bernstein’s Park Avenue duplex for the legal defense of twenty-one Black Panthers charged with conspiracy to bomb New York department stores and police stations. Bernstein and his wife Felicia had invited a cross-section of the New York cultural elite: composers, editors, publishers, socialites, and a contingent of actual Black Panthers including Field Marshal Don Cox. Wolfe’s genius was to treat the party as an anthropological event.
His central observation was that radical chic served the hosts more than it served the Panthers. The Panthers were props in a status performance. Bernstein and his circle got to feel transgressive, courageous, and historically significant without leaving their duplex. The caterers served Roquefort cheese and little Roquefort morsels rolled in crushed nuts while Panthers explained why they needed to kill police. The social logic required the guests to never quite hear what was being said, because actually hearing it would force them to either agree with revolutionary violence or lose their radical credentials.
Wolfe noticed something the guests couldn’t: the Panthers understood the transaction perfectly and played it with skill. Cox and the other Panthers who attended knew they were being consumed as aesthetic objects and status tokens, and they exploited that role efficiently. They got money and publicity. Bernstein got the sensation of living dangerously. Both sides performed for each other, and neither was quite honest about what was happening.
The deeper argument in the essay is about the sociology of status competition within elite circles. Wolfe saw that the New York intellectual and cultural establishment had developed “radical chic” as a competitive status marker in the same way that earlier generations had competed over interior decoration or the right connections. Championing violent radicals was a way to signal that one stood outside the bourgeois world even while living at its summit. The more dangerous the cause, the greater the status return. This is why the Party specifically, rather than the NAACP or the Urban League, attracted Leonard Bernstein rather than some safer civil rights organization. Moderate respectability conferred no status in that room.
What the Abbott case and the George Jackson case add to Wolfe’s picture is the literary dimension. Wolfe caught the party circuit and the socialite fundraiser. The Abbott story shows what happens when the same impulse runs through the publishing world, where the currency is not simply social daring but critical validation. Mailer needed Abbott’s voice to authenticate his fiction about Gary Gilmore. The New York Review of Books needed Abbott’s letters to demonstrate its seriousness about prison life and state violence. Random House needed the book to signal that it published dangerous, necessary work. Each institution fed Abbott’s celebrity for reasons internal to its own status competition, and none of them was concerned with Abbott as a person or with the people he might kill.
Wolfe also predicted the backlash dynamic. The Bernstein party became public because a reporter from New York magazine was present, and the social embarrassment that followed was severe. Charlotte Curtis covered it for the New York Times and the response in the Jewish community was particularly sharp, since the Panthers had made antisemitic statements that the guests had politely declined to register during the party itself. The same selective deafness that allowed radical chic to function also stored up the reckoning. Once the transaction became visible from outside the room, the gap between the guests’ self-image and their actual behavior was too large to sustain.
The through-line from Bernstein’s duplex to Mailer’s parole letter to the French intellectuals signing Genet’s petition is a single social logic: violent criminals become heroes when they can be framed as victims of state power, and elites who champion them acquire status within their own coalition at no personal cost. The waiter Richard Adan paid the cost instead.
The most systematic genre of academic sympathy for violent criminals is what might be called the structural displacement argument: the criminal’s violence is really society’s violence redirected. Jeffrey Reiman’s The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison is the canonical text here. Reiman argues that the criminal justice system functions to protect class privilege rather than address harm, which means the violent offender is less agent than symptom. The book has been a standard undergraduate criminology text for decades and has gone through nine editions. It does not quite romanticize individual criminals but it systematically shifts moral weight away from them toward the system that produced them.
Elliott Currie does something similar but more empirically. His Crime and Punishment in America argues that American levels of violent crime are produced by inequality and the destruction of working-class life, which means that addressing the criminal rather than the conditions is both cruel and futile. Currie is a careful scholar and does not sentimentalize individual offenders, but the practical implication of his framework is that punishment is always somewhat unjust because it holds individuals responsible for structurally produced behavior.
The more openly sympathetic tradition runs through what calls itself convict criminology. People like Stephen Richards and Jeffrey Ross, both formerly incarcerated, argued from inside the academy that criminologists who had never been imprisoned fundamentally misunderstood the subject. The movement produced real insight about prison conditions but it also imported a strong prior that the incarcerated are victims, which made it difficult to examine violence on its own terms.
Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow sits at the intersection of scholarship and advocacy. Her argument that mass incarceration functions as a racial caste system was influential enough to reshape Democratic Party policy positions. The book focuses on drug offenses rather than violent crime, but its rhetorical frame, which treats the entire carceral system as a mechanism of racial domination, gets applied wholesale to violent offenders by people downstream of her argument who don’t observe her distinctions.
Angela Davis is the clearest case of an academic who extended explicit sympathy to violent criminals as a category. Her prison abolitionism holds that the prison is inherently illegitimate, which means the distinction between violent and nonviolent offenders collapses. Davis was linked to George Jackson, whose younger brother Jonathan used guns registered in her name in a courthouse takeover that killed a judge. She has never fully reckoned with this in print and her academic standing has if anything increased. She holds an emeritus chair at UC Santa Cruz and receives honorary degrees regularly.
An intellectually interesting case is Loïc Wacquant, a French sociologist trained by Bourdieu who writes on American prisons. His Punishing the Poor argues that the penal state expanded to manage the populations displaced by the rollback of the welfare state, making incarceration a substitute for social policy. Wacquant is rigorous and the structural argument has real evidence behind it. But the framework produces a peculiar effect: the more violent the offense, the more it potentially confirms the thesis about state abandonment and social destruction, which means extreme violence becomes, paradoxically, extreme evidence for the critic of the system rather than a problem requiring direct moral attention.
Foucault’s influence runs through all of this. Discipline and Punish reframed the prison not as a response to crime but as a technology for producing docile bodies and maintaining power. Once that frame takes hold, the individual criminal’s actual victims recede and the prisoner becomes the figure around whom to organize resistance to power. Bernard Harcourt at Columbia has carried this tradition forward most explicitly, connecting Foucault to George Jackson and treating Jackson as a theorist of civil war whose incarceration confirmed his analysis. Harcourt is a serious scholar and a good writer, but the tradition he works in has a structural difficulty acknowledging that some people commit serious violence for reasons not reducible to state power.
The honest version of what most of these scholars do is extend sympathy to the category rather than the individual, which lets them avoid the Abbott problem. You don’t have to defend any specific person’s specific act if your argument operates at the level of systems. But the category-level sympathy does real work: it makes punishment feel presumptively unjust, makes prosecutors and police the primary moral actors in any encounter with a violent offender, and makes the offender’s victims politically inert since their suffering confirms the system.
Smith is an interesting case because he works at a higher level of abstraction than someone like Davis or Harcourt, which gives him more deniability but the same basic orientation. His book The Prison and the American Imagination argues that the penitentiary did not emerge as a practical response to crime but as a cultural and theological project: the prisoner became a figure through which American society worked out ideas about the soul, interiority, punishment, and redemption. The argument draws on Foucault and on the captivity narrative tradition in American literature. It is a serious piece of literary and cultural history and the archival work is real.
But Smith’s framework does what the broader tradition does: it makes the prisoner a screen onto which social and theological anxieties get projected, which means the prisoner’s own violence is almost entirely beside the point analytically. The crimes that put people in these institutions barely appear. What matters is what the institution does to the person and what the person’s suffering reveals about American power. The victim of the crime is structurally absent, just as in Foucault.
Smith has also written on the death row genre, the body of writing produced by people under sentence of death. Here he is closer to the Harcourt-Jackson tradition: the condemned writer becomes a figure of moral authority because of his proximity to state killing. The state’s violence against the condemned authorizes the condemned’s voice in a way that the condemned’s own violence does not disqualify. This is the literary-academic version of the Mailer-Abbott dynamic, except it operates entirely at the level of texts and so never has to confront a Richard Adan bleeding on Second Avenue.
What distinguishes Smith from a cruder version of this argument is that he is interested in the literary and theological history. His analytical choices consistently elevate the prisoner as a morally and intellectually significant figure while bracketing the question of what the prisoner did to get there. That bracketing is not accidental. It is load-bearing. The whole framework depends on treating incarceration as the primary moral event rather than the act that preceded it.
Caleb Smith is a good example of how a discipline’s hero system shapes what questions can be asked. Literary and cultural studies after Foucault made the carceral state its central object of critique. That meant the scholar who took the prisoner seriously as a thinker and sufferer, rather than as a perpetrator, accumulated cultural capital within the field. Smith’s Yale appointment and his book’s reception reflect that reward structure. He is not being dishonest. He is doing excellent work within a framework that has pre-decided which moral actors matter.
The gap in his work, and in the tradition broadly, is that it has no good account of the victim. Victims appear occasionally as evidence of social failure, as people whose vulnerability confirms the thesis about inequality and abandonment. But they do not appear as people with independent moral claims that might complicate the picture of the prisoner as the primary sufferer. That asymmetry is where the sympathy for violent criminals lives in the academic literature: not usually as explicit endorsement but as a systematic choice about whose experience counts as data.
* Larry McEnerney, the former Director of the University of Chicago Writing Program, teaches a session to graduate students that the Yale English Department should read as a diagnostic document. He is not describing the Yale English Department. He is describing the mechanism by which every department like it produces beautiful conference papers no one outside the seminar room reads, and he does so without anger, from the inside of the academy, in the language of practical craft advice.
McEnerney’s central claim is that expert writers face a structural trap: they use writing to help themselves think, which produces patterns that interfere with how readers read. The horizontal axis generates the text. Whether the text does its job depends entirely on the vertical axis, on whether it changes what a specific community of readers thinks. And the horrible irony McEnerney names is that academics have been trained in a system where readers were paid to care, which means they have never learned to write for readers who are not.
Applied to Smith, this is clarifying in three ways.
First, it explains why his best essays work. The “Art of Debunking,” the prison work, the Foucault piece, the Thoreau review: all of them open by taking a stable belief the audience holds and introducing a “but.” Secularism masters credulity by producing it. The northeastern penitential fantasy is alien to anyone who grew up in Arkansas. The Foucauldian analysis of disciplinary institutions is now itself a disciplinary institution. These are textbook McEnerney instability moves. Smith creates cost for the reader. He makes the familiar strange. The writing changes what the reader thinks rather than merely demonstrating what Smith thinks.
Second, it explains where Smith drifts. The aesthetic language in his later work, “sustaining beauty,” “attention as self-culture,” “delight in true goods,” the phenomenology of the garden, the meditative passages on Thoreau, risks sliding into what McEnerney calls revealing the inside of your head. It may be deep. It may be true. But McEnerney’s test is ruthless: if the reader who is not paid to care can stop reading without loss, the writing has no professional value. Much of this material is valuable inside the Yale humanities coalition and travels less well outside it.
Third, and most sharply, the McEnerney frame cuts into Smith’s role as chair. His job now is not to write vertical-axis essays but to force an entire graduate program of horizontal thinkers to produce work that survives readers who are not paid to care. Search committees, journal editors, future hiring markets, these readers will stop if the dissertation does not create instability in them within the first two pages. Smith knows this. His scholarship gives him an unusual map of why the system fails. But the map does not automatically produce the conversion. And the placement machine, the advisor networks, and the coalition reproduction system all push back toward the horizontal, toward writing that demonstrates mastery to people already inside the conversation.
* Alliance Theory’s core claim is that political belief systems have no moral thread running through them. They are collections of ad hoc justifications generated by alliance structures. Moral principles are not principled. Core values are not core. What looks like ideological coherence is coalition maintenance dressed in philosophical language. The three propagandistic biases, perpetrator bias, victim bias, and attributional bias, are the tools alliances use to support their members and attack their rivals. The paper then systematically demolishes alternative theories: intolerance, authoritarianism, and egalitarianism as explanations for political belief content all reduce, under scrutiny, to alliance behavior.
Applied to Smith, the framework does four things.
First, it explains what Smith has been describing all along without naming it that way. Smith’s entire body of work is about how institutions launder power through moral vocabularies. The penitentiary presents coercion as spiritual rehabilitation. The courtroom presents submission as justice. The graduate program presents coalition reproduction as scholarly formation. Pinsof would say: yes, and this is not incidental. Moral vocabularies are exactly what alliances produce when they need to mobilize support and attack rivals. Smith’s institutions are not accidentally using moral language to disguise power. That is what moral language in alliance systems is for.
Second, it sharpens the innocence question that runs through everything Smith writes. His insistence on “souls without innocence,” his resistance to the innocence frame in the Reed edition, his refusal to let the prison memoir become pure documentary testimony, his observation that the culture of discipline works because people inside it experience their subordination as growth: Pinsof would compress all of this into perpetrator and victim bias operating on the same subject. The graduate student in the seminar is both a victim of the placement machine and a perpetrator of the reproduction system. The department chair who has written four books on discipline is both an analyst of the system and its operator. Neither innocence frame applies. Pinsof’s framework predicts that any coalition will generate innocence narratives for its allies and guilt narratives for its rivals, and that these narratives will be sincerely held by the people producing them. Smith’s scholarly contribution has been to show that the narratives are sincerely held even when they are structurally determined.
Third, the paper’s treatment of stochasticity captures Smith’s institutional situation. Pinsof argues that alliance structures emerge from small initial conditions through similarity, transitivity, and interdependence, and that these processes are self-reinforcing. A hiring committee that leans slightly toward one kind of work produces a department that leans more strongly, which produces a graduate program that selects for that orientation, which produces a job market that rewards it, which produces a field that presents it as neutral scholarly judgment. No one intends the drift. Each individual decision is locally defensible. The cumulative outcome is the pattern Bromwich confirmed: an emphasis overwhelmingly centered on the contemporary, conducted in a language derived from our usual ways of talking about ourselves. Pinsof’s stochasticity argument explains why that drift does not require conspiracy, bad faith, or even awareness. It only requires alliance formation.
Fourth, and for Smith’s dual position as scholar and chair: the paper’s argument that politics and morality are different domains, with the former masquerading as the latter for strategic purposes, applies with unusual precision to the academic humanities. The field Smith chairs presents itself as morally serious: committed to justice, to the recovery of marginalized voices, to the critique of power. Pinsof would say this moral self-presentation is itself a coalition technology. It recruits allies, signals membership, and justifies exclusions as scholarly rather than political judgments. A dissertation that asks the wrong questions is not rejected for ideological reasons. It lacks concreteness. That is perpetrator bias operating as peer review. Smith knows this. His scholarship has been mapping it for twenty years. But Pinsof makes the mechanism explicit in a way that goes beyond Smith’s own framing, which tends to preserve some residual space for scholarly commitment operating alongside the coalition behavior. Pinsof’s framework does not preserve that space. It predicts that what Smith calls textual mastery will be valorized by the coalition when it serves alliance purposes and devalued when it does not, regardless of its intrinsic quality.
The blog’s contribution is complementary. The “Everything Is Bullshit” posture is Alliance Theory applied as a critical temperament rather than an academic argument. Where the paper provides the theoretical architecture, the blog demonstrates the rhetorical move: take any moral claim, find the alliance it serves, show that the claim tracks the alliance rather than the principle it invokes. Applied to Smith, the blog’s sensibility would immediately notice that his defense of criticism as flourishing in hard times, his insistence on beauty and attachment alongside analysis, his resistance to pure debunking, all serve the coalition of humanist academics whose professional identity depends on criticism being taken seriously as an intellectual practice. That does not make the defense wrong. But it means the defense is not generated by the evidence alone. It is generated by the alliance, and the evidence is marshaled in its service.
* This David Pinsof essay argues that most signaling is defensive. Applied to Smith, this reframes something important. The prior analysis treated his scholarly project as coalition maintenance, which implies a degree of strategic calculation. Pinsof’s blog post complicates that. When Smith insists on “souls without innocence,” when he defends criticism as flourishing in hard times, when he resists the innocence frame in the Reed edition, when he refuses to let the penitential fantasy stand unchallenged: these moves look more like defensive signals than offensive ones. He is not trying to ascend the hierarchy by being more sophisticated than his peers. He is trying not to be the person who let the institution’s self-deception go unnamed. The “what will people think” filter, in his case, runs toward: what will it mean about me if I pretend not to see what I can see?
This matters because it changes the emotional texture of his intellectual project. The prior analysis, working from Alliance Theory, made Smith sound like a sophisticated operator managing coalition credibility. Pinsof’s defensive signaling frame suggests something more anxious and more honest: someone who grew up watching the gap between institutional self-description and power, who found that gap intellectually unbearable before it was professionally useful, and whose scholarly career has been organized around the defensive imperative of not being complicit in the self-deception he can see operating around him.
The Tom Cotton essay makes this visible. Smith does not write about Arkansas power as someone scoring points against the right. He writes about it as someone trying to account for his own formation honestly, which is a defensive rather than offensive move. The “American Death Cult” framing is not triumphalist. It is an attempt to explain something he lived near enough to feel its pull. The essay ends with the wish that the wildness and beauty of Arkansas could have animated a better kind of politics. That is not coalition positioning. That is someone trying not to lie to himself about where he came from.
The Foucault essay runs the same way. Smith is not trying to make himself look more sophisticated than the culture warriors on either side by defending Foucault. He is trying not to be the person who let a caricature stand when he knew it was wrong. The defensive signal is: I will not pretend I did not read Foucault carefully enough to know that the bogeyman version is false.
Pinsof’s point that defensive signals often hide in darkness is also relevant. Smith’s self-awareness about his own institutional position, the oracle who knows he is an oracle, the chair who has written four books on the culture of discipline now running the discipline machine, is not something he advertises as a credential. It runs through his public essays as an undertone. That is the behavior of someone managing a defensive signal carefully: making the self-awareness visible enough that it cannot be accused of absence, while not performing it so loudly that it becomes a status claim.
The one place where offensive signaling is visible is the “No Crisis” series, where Smith explicitly claims that criticism is flourishing against the discourse of humanities decline. That move does position him above the lamenters. But even there, Pinsof would note that it is hard to tell offense from defense. The most plausible reading is that Smith cannot bear the self-pity of the crisis narrative, which means the offense is in service of a deeper defensiveness: he does not want to be the person whose field is dying because he failed to defend it honestly.
What the essay adds, in short, is this: Smith’s intellectual project looks less like a strategic performance of coalition maintenance and more like a sustained attempt to avoid a specific kind of shame. The shame of knowing what he knows and not saying it. The shame of occupying an institution whose self-deceptions he has spent his career analyzing and pretending, for professional comfort, not to notice. Pinsof’s framework does not redeem this as pure virtue. Defensive signaling is still signaling. But it gives it a more accurate emotional register than the prior analysis supplied.
* This “hybrid vigor” essay is rich material. The heterosis argument applies here because Smith arrived at his scholarly project from outside the northeastern humanities formation, from Arkansas, from a world where power operated without high culture’s sanction. The crossing that produced his intellectual approach was not chosen. It was the result of displacement: someone formed in one intellectual and social environment who entered a radically different one and carried the friction of that crossing into sustained scholarly work. The gap between what he saw in Arkansas and what the northeastern penitential fantasy claimed to be doing was the hybrid advantage he brought to the problem. It let him see the paradox at the heart of the early prison systems with a clarity that purely internal observers of the tradition could not easily achieve. He was not embedded enough in the tradition’s self-understanding to mistake it for reality.
The inbreeding depression argument, applied to Yale English, gives the sharpest biological translation of what Bromwich confirmed and what the essay’s analysis has been building toward. A department that recruits almost exclusively from a small set of elite graduate programs, that selects for a narrow range of temperamental and ideological traits through its placement machine, that maintains reproductive isolation through hiring practices and a moral vocabulary that functions as a coalition boundary marker, is doing what closed breeding populations do. It accumulates deleterious recessives, ideas and approaches that would be challenged or corrected by exposure to different thinking, that instead flourish unchecked in a closed system. The drift toward the overwhelmingly contemporary, conducted in a language derived from our usual ways of talking about ourselves, is exactly what inbreeding depression predicts: the harmful recessives of a closed intellectual system expressing themselves as the tradition loses the capacity to be surprised by its own objects.
The niche construction framework adds something that Alliance Theory and McEnerney’s analysis did not quite capture. The placement machine, the MLA network, the recommendation letter system, the citation cartels: these are not just coalition maintenance. They are niche construction. The department modifies the professional environment in ways that make continued demand for its particular product structurally necessary regardless of whether that product serves the broader ecosystem. When hiring committees across the country have been trained by Yale-placed scholars, the Yale model perpetuates itself not through any individual decision but through the constructed environment. Smith chairs an institution that has been constructing its niche for a century. His self-awareness about the discipline does not exempt him from operating within a niche his institution built.
The crypsis section adds something new to the Smith analysis that the prior frameworks missed. The essay argues that every detection mechanism selects for better camouflage, and that institutions with elaborate integrity and compliance systems often contain sophisticated crypsis because those systems created the strongest selection pressure for organisms capable of producing signals indistinguishable from compliance.
Applied to Smith, this reframes the question the essay has been circling: is his self-awareness working-through or sophisticated crypsis? The biological framework suggests this may be an unanswerable question from outside the organism, and possibly from inside it as well. If selection pressure for appearing self-aware while maintaining institutional position has been operating long enough, the capacity for performing self-awareness may have become partially decoupled from the underlying trait it originally signaled. The oracle who knows he is an oracle has had enough time inside the institution to develop a camouflage sophisticated enough that the detection systems, including his own, cannot reliably distinguish the genuine from the performed.
The document’s observation about countershading is particularly cutting: the professional who presents as moderate while holding strong views, the institution that presents as neutral while systematically favoring one coalition, the public intellectual who frames advocacy as disinterested analysis, all produce a perceptually flat surface that detection systems read as absence of pattern. Smith’s insistence on complexity, on souls without innocence, on the entanglement of analysis with institutional position, is formally the opposite of advocacy. It presents as methodological humility. The crypsis framework asks whether that presentation is itself a form of countershading, producing a flat surface that reads as absence of coalition commitment.
The Muller’s ratchet point maps onto the humanities department. Asexual populations accumulate harmful mutations because they lack the recombination that sexual reproduction provides. A department that clones its graduate students through the dissertation supervision and placement process, transmitting intellectual traits through a chain of reproduction without the recombination that exposure to outside intellectual material would provide, faces exactly the accumulation problem the ratchet describes. Each generation inherits the mutations of the previous one without the mechanism for clearing them. The document applies this to bureaucratic rules. It applies with equal force to citation practices, theoretical frameworks, and the shared moral vocabulary that defines a field’s coalition.
Smith’s scholarship operates on a slow life history strategy: long time horizons, high investment in specific objects, careful elaboration of a single sustained inquiry across four books over two decades. The placement machine he now manages operates on a much faster schedule: students with funding windows, the annual MLA cycle, the pressure to produce visible outputs on the timeline that hiring committees reward. The mismatch between the slow life history strategy that produced his intellectual work and the fast life history pressures that now govern his institutional role is a version of the conflict the document describes as producing organizational dysfunction when the two strategies occupy the same institutional space. He is the career civil servant who has been put in charge of managing people who need to produce results on a timeline that his own formation did not require.
The synthesis these frameworks produce is this. Smith is a hybrid organism who drew intellectual vigor from crossing his formation with a tradition he entered from outside. He is now chairing an institution that has been practicing intellectual inbreeding for long enough to show the depression the biology predicts. His crypsis, whether genuine or performed, is sophisticated enough that the detection systems he himself helped build cannot reliably determine which it is. He is operating on a slow life history strategy while managing fast life history pressures. And the niche his institution has constructed makes it nearly impossible to introduce the genetic material that would suppress the deleterious recessives the system has accumulated, because the niche was built to exclude it.
* The central argument in this David Pinsof essay is that the misunderstanding myth is itself a coalition technology. Intellectuals tell themselves that the world’s problems stem from misunderstanding because that story makes intellectuals the most important people alive. If polarization, bigotry, and misinformation are all cognitive errors, then the people whose job is to correct cognitive errors are saving the world just by doing their work. The alternative story, that the problems stem from people who understand what they are doing all too well and are doing it anyway, strips the intellectual of his heroic function. You cannot correct a motive the way you can correct a misunderstanding.
Applied to Smith, this cuts at the hinge of his scholarly project. His entire body of work argues that people inside disciplinary institutions internalize their subordination while experiencing it as growth, that the penitentiary makes inmates feel they are being reformed when they are being controlled, that graduate students adopt their advisors’ frameworks while experiencing it as intellectual formation, that the oracle suppresses personal identity and experiences the suppression as enlarged authority. This is a theory of motivated self-deception. It is the story that the problems of institutional life stem from misunderstanding, specifically from people misunderstanding the nature of the discipline being applied to them.
Pinsof’s essay asks the uncomfortable question Smith’s framework does not quite face: what if the prisoners, the graduate students, and the department chairs understand what is happening to them all too well, and submit anyway, not because they are deceived but because the submission serves their interests? What if the culture of discipline works not through the production of false consciousness but through accurate calculation? The graduate student who adopts the advisor’s framework is not mistaken about what she is doing. She is making a rational choice given the incentive structure she faces. The motive is not misunderstood. It is served.
This matters for how you read Smith’s self-awareness. His scholarly project, including the four books, the essays, the Kushner conversation, the oracle formulation, presents itself as corrective: here is what is happening inside these institutions, and understanding it clearly changes how you inhabit it. That is the misunderstanding myth in a sophisticated form. If people could only see clearly what the penitential fantasy is doing, if they could understand that the suppression of personal identity is structural, if they could recognize the placement machine for what it is: the implied premise is that clarity is curative.
Smith’s four books have given him an unusually map of the terrain he is navigating. He understands the discipline machine better than almost anyone inside it. And that understanding has produced, by his own account in the Kushner conversation, not exemption but inhabitation. He runs the placement machine. He maintains the coalition. He manages the resource flows. The analysis has not changed the behavior because the behavior was never driven by misunderstanding in the first place. It was driven by the incentive structure of the institution.
* David Pinsof’s social paradoxes paper introduces the concept of the concealed signal, a signal hidden from both the signaler and the recipient. Concealment often goes all the way down: the virtue signaler does not believe she is virtue signaling, and neither does the audience that awards her virtue. If either party became aware of the signal’s nature, the signal would collapse. Common knowledge of a status game destroys the game.
Smith’s entire scholarly project is built on making the concealed signal visible. He names what institutions hide: the penitentiary presents control as spiritual rehabilitation; the courtroom presents submission as justice; the graduate program presents coalition reproduction as scholarly formation. His method is to bring these things into the harsh light of mutual awareness that Pinsof says would turn a social paradox to ash. That is a radical move in theory. The social paradoxes framework asks what happens in practice when someone does this inside the institution itself.
The answer Pinsof’s paper implies is this. When a player in a status game calls the game a status game, two things can happen. Either the exposure collapses the game, which is the emancipatory promise, or the exposure itself becomes a new status signal, which is the paradox. The person who sees through the performance gets status for seeing through it. The cynical debunker gains followers for having the courage to tell it like it is. The intellectual who names the culture of discipline while running the discipline machine acquires a distinctive form of status: the status of the person who occupies a position without illusions. That status is still status. The move of showing you understand the game is itself a move in the game.
This is the sharpest application to Smith’s specific position. His four books demonstrate, with considerable rigor, that the disciplinary apparatus gets people to internalize their subordination while experiencing it as growth, that the oracle who knows he is an oracle does not escape the structural position, that the judge who understands how legal authority is constructed still has to perform the suppression of personal identity to exercise it. These demonstrations have won him considerable prestige within the academic humanities. The prestige is not incidental. It is the social reward for the move of seeing through the performance. But the social paradoxes framework predicts that this reward is only available as long as the seeing-through is not itself recognized as a status move. The moment it becomes common knowledge that the culture of discipline analysis is itself a status game, the analysis loses its critical force and becomes what it described: a performance of sophistication that stabilizes the institution it appears to critique.
There is evidence this has already happened at the level of the field if not at the level of Smith personally. Foucauldian analysis of disciplinary power was, in the 1980s and 1990s, a disruption of existing academic hierarchies. It allowed scholars to reframe what the institution was doing and to claim a kind of outsider insight into the machinery of knowledge production. By now, four decades on, it is the machinery of knowledge production. The sacred value of the critical humanities, the commitment to exposing the constructedness of power, has been institutionalized in exactly the way Pinsof’s sacred values section predicts: it stabilizes a status game by disguising it as the pursuit of a non-status-related end. The game no longer collapses when exposed because the exposure has been incorporated into the game itself.
Smith’s position is at the far end of this arc. He is not just a practitioner of the critical tradition. He is its institutional embodiment, the department chair who runs the machine whose operations his scholarship describes. His self-awareness is genuine in the biographical sense that has been established through the prior analysis. But the social paradoxes framework adds a question the prior frameworks could not ask: is the self-awareness still doing the disruptive work it was designed to do, or has it become a sophisticated version of the social paradox it originally named? The person who shows humility to prove he is morally superior. The person who sees through status games to gain status. The scholar who demonstrates that he is not the naive oracle by performing the oracle role with complete self-awareness.
Charismatic people are the gold medalists in social paradoxes: they can gain status by not caring about status, they can be the authentic self that society wants them to be, they can manipulate without being manipulative. The signal is concealed so completely that the performance feels like the real thing. Smith does not read as a charismatic figure in the way the charisma essay describes, but the analysis of what charisma produces is relevant to what his scholarly persona produces: a surface of methodological honesty that is compelling because it does not read as a performance. Whether that surface reflects working-through or sophisticated concealment cannot be determined from outside the organism, and Pinsof’s framework adds that it probably cannot be determined from inside either. Concealing the signal from yourself is the condition that makes it most effective.
Another implication of social paradoxes is that nihilism, or skepticism of our sacred values, should be deeply threatening to humans. This very paper, by shining a light on what we continually strive to cover up, is predicted to be discomfiting to many of its readers. Nihilism threatens to unravel the status games and collective projects that add value to our lives, potentially leaving us adrift and disoriented. It is no wonder that nihilistic ideas are a weapon used by embittered or low-status people to attack the prevailing social order and bring people down to their level. Regardless of whether nihilism is true as a philosophical matter, we have evolved to (in many contexts) fervently reject it—and shun anyone who might be tempted by its logic. It is this underlying tension between the looming threat of nihilism and the passionate intensity of our sacred ideals that underscores much of what is interesting, beautiful, and paradoxical about the human condition
Pinsof notes that the paper itself is undergirded by the sacred values of truth, knowledge, and discovery, and that without such sacred ideals the paper could not exist. The same applies to Smith’s books. The Prison and the American Imagination, The Oracle and the Curse, and Thoreau’s Axe are all undergirded by the sacred value that naming the mechanism of discipline has critical force, that seeing clearly is not the same as submitting blindly, that literature and criticism have their own kind of purchase on what institutions do to people. Those are sacred values in Pinsof’s sense: apparently disconnected from rational self-interest, functioning to stabilize the status game by disguising it as the pursuit of a non-status-related end. They are also, if the prior analysis is right, partially true, containing real cues that make the deception symbiotic. The analysis has produced insight. The insight has also won status. Both things are true, and no framework developed so far, including Pinsof’s, gives a clean way to determine which is doing more work.
* David Pinsof’s essay “Why Things Go To Shit” clarifies why Smith’s situation is structurally tragic.
The prior analysis established that Smith understands the culture of discipline with unusual precision, that he is constitutionally unable to pretend not to see what he can see, and that he now chairs the institution whose operations his scholarship describes. The Why Things Go to Shit essay asks the one question none of the prior frameworks quite posed: what are the incentives?
The answer is uncomfortable and immediate. The Yale English department’s drift toward the overwhelmingly contemporary, conducted in a language derived from our usual ways of talking about ourselves, happened because there was no strong incentive for it not to. The placement machine rewards work that fits the current coalition’s priorities. The recommendation letter network rewards students who adopt their advisors’ frameworks. The MLA hiring process rewards candidates whose work signals membership in the current ideological formation. The citation economy rewards engagement with the questions the coalition has decided are important. None of these incentives point toward the heterodox, the archivally demanding, the difficult, the work that challenges the coalition’s self-understanding. Under these conditions, the drift is not a failure of will or vision. It is what the incentive structure produces. The department went to shit, in Pinsof’s sense, because there was no strong incentive for it not to.
This is where the essay adds something the prior frameworks missed. The Alliance Theory analysis explained why the coalition maintains its boundaries. The McEnerney analysis explained why the output fails to travel. The Bromwich correspondence established that the drift is real and confirmed. The social paradoxes paper explained the cue-signal instability that produces the coalition’s moral vocabulary. But none of these frameworks asked the prior question: why did the incentives align this way in the first place, and what would it take to change them?
The essay’s law predicts that the answer to the second question is: nothing short of a change in the incentive structure. Smith’s self-awareness does not change the incentives. His four books documenting how institutions produce internalized subordination do not change the incentives. His chairmanship does not change the incentives unless he uses it to alter what the department rewards, which means altering the placement machine, the hiring criteria, the graduate training pipeline, the recommendation letter culture, all of which are downstream of incentives that operate at the level of the profession. A single department chair cannot change the profession’s incentives. He can at best create local perturbations that the profession’s incentive structure will eventually smooth out.
This explains something that the oracle formulation captured intuitively but could not ground mechanistically. The oracle who knows he is an oracle does not escape the structural position. Pinsof’s essay explains why: knowing you are in a bad incentive structure does not give you the ability to operate outside it. The graduate student who understands perfectly that she is adopting her advisor’s framework to secure a letter of recommendation still needs the letter of recommendation. The knowledge changes nothing about the incentive. Smith’s scholarship has given his graduate students unusually clear maps of the terrain they are navigating. The terrain has not changed. The incentives that produced it have not changed. Knowing the map more clearly may make the navigation slightly less alienating but it does not alter the destination the incentives are driving toward.
* Does Caleb Smith’s account of discipline make evolutionary sense?
Smith’s framework treats the suppression of personal identity in institutional contexts, the internalization of subordination while experiencing it as growth, the oracle who must perform his role while understanding it, as a specifically modern or historical phenomenon tied to institutions like the penitentiary, the courtroom, and the graduate program. His genealogical method, which he shares with Foucault, locates these mechanisms in particular historical formations and traces how they developed and changed over time. The implicit assumption is that without these institutional structures, people would not submit this way, or would submit differently.
Pinsof’s formula asks: does this story make evolutionary sense? And the answer is that it makes more sense if you run it in the opposite direction from Smith’s framing. The institutional mechanisms Smith documents are not producing submission through a kind of cultural override of natural human autonomy. They are channeling submission tendencies that natural selection produced long before penitentiaries or graduate programs existed. Humans are a deeply hierarchical and coalition-dependent species. The suppression of personal identity in deference to institutional authority, the adoption of the group’s moral vocabulary to have any claim on the group’s resources, the experience of submission as growth or virtue, these are not artifacts of Enlightenment reform or Yale graduate training. They are what social primates do. The institutions Smith studies did not invent these tendencies. They constructed elaborate architectures around tendencies that were already there.
* Caleb Smith’s scholarship is advice. Not in the self-help sense. But the essay and intellectual biography assembled here, the analysis of how institutions produce internalized subordination, the oracle formulation, the McEnerney diagnosis of the horizontal-vertical axis failure, the Bromwich evidence about quiet suppression, the Pinsof frameworks applied to the placement machine, all of this constitutes a sustained advisory project directed at the academic humanities. It tells the field what it is doing wrong, names the mechanisms by which it has drifted, and implies what interpretive discipline would require instead. Smith’s scholarship does this explicitly for institutions outside Yale English. The Yale essay does it explicitly for Yale English. The question Pinsof’s bullshit advice essay generates is whether this advisory project has the two properties that distinguish helpful advice from the grooming variety: expertise about the specific situation and a meaningful stake in the recipient’s success.
Smith has the expertise. His four books and his position as chair give him more knowledge of how elite humanities departments reproduce themselves than almost anyone. That condition is met.
The stake condition is where the essay cuts. Pinsof argues that very few people have a meaningful stake in your success, at least compared to those closest to you. The graduate students whose dissertations Smith supervises are close enough that he has a stake in their development. The broader academic humanities is not close in that sense. The Yale essay, the intellectual biography, the analytical frameworks assembled here: these are addressed to a readership that includes people who will never be Smith’s students, departments that will never be Yale English, institutions whose incentive structures Smith cannot affect. For that readership, the advice, however sophisticated, is subject to Pinsof’s analysis. It establishes Smith as someone with unusual diagnostic insight, which is a status claim. It signals coalition membership with the readers who already believe the humanities has drifted in the ways he describes, which is grooming. It functions as rationalization for whatever those readers were already inclined to believe about their own institutions.
Pinsof argues that advice often legitimizes whatever the recipient wanted to do anyway, which is why vague advice is more popular than specific advice: it is easier to fit to a pre-existing agenda. The diagnosis of the humanities’ drift toward proxy obsession and coalition reproduction is enough to be useful and vague enough to be applied to almost any elite institution someone is already inclined to criticize. A reader who already believes their department has been captured by identity politics will read the analysis as confirming that judgment. A reader who already believes close reading is being displaced by interdisciplinary dilettantism will read it as confirming that judgment. A reader who already believes the placement machine rewards performance over substance will read it as confirming that judgment. The analysis is not false in any of these applications. But its function as advice is to make readers feel that what they already believed has been rigorously validated, which is the grooming function Pinsof describes.
The essay argues that advice establishes hierarchy: if I give you advice, I must know something you do not. Smith’s chairmanship involves giving advice constantly, to graduate students about their dissertations, to junior faculty about their scholarly development, to the department about its direction. Pinsof’s framework predicts that this advisory flow is not about improving outcomes. It is about the maintenance of hierarchy. The chair advises because that is what chairs do. The graduate student receives advice because that is what graduate students do. The advice may also be helpful, just as grooming may also be hygienic. But the flow of advice tracks the flow of hierarchy, and the hierarchy would reproduce itself through the advisory relationship even if every piece of advice were wrong.
* David Pinsof’s arguing is bullshit essay distinguishes real arguments from pseudoarguments. Real arguments demand listening, willingness to be persuaded, curiosity, collaboration toward truth. Pseudoarguments are sparring matches, status competitions, tribal chants, and diss fights disguised as persuasion. The form looks like reason-giving and evidence-citing. The function is something darker: punishing deviation from coalition norms, rallying the tribe, defending relative status, covering up the fact that all of this is happening.
Applied to Smith, the new thing is this: the argument about what Yale English should be is a pseudoargument.
Not because the participants are dishonest. Because the conditions for a real argument do not exist inside the institution. The factional split between textualists and the theory-forward bloc, between medievalists and Global Anglophone advocates, between Close Reading Excellence and Intersectional Canon Revision, looks like an intellectual disagreement about what the discipline requires. Pinsof’s essay predicts it is a pseudoargument in his technical sense: a status competition and tribal chant disguised as a dispute about scholarly standards.
The participants are not listening to what the other side is saying and considering its implications, because the implications would require conceding relative standing on the hiring committee. They argue against positions the other side does not hold, the textualist does not deny that power matters in literary history, the theory-forward bloc does not deny that close reading has value. They interpret each other’s positions in the worst possible light, which is why the textualist reads the Global Anglophone hire as abandoning rigor and the Global Anglophone advocate reads the textualist as defending a narrow canon. The argument revolves around issues central to each party’s institutional identity and status. There is no collaboration toward truth about what the department needs. There is a hiring committee meeting where each faction needs to win.
This reframes something the Yale essay established but did not push far enough. The essay describes the factional conflict as an intellectual disagreement with real stakes for the department’s interpretive profile. Pinsof’s essay predicts that intellectual disagreement cannot survive inside the institutional incentive structure the Yale essay documents. The incentive structure rewards winning the hiring committee, not getting the question right. Winning the hiring committee requires coalition maintenance, tribal signaling, and the punishment of deviation from coalition norms. These are the conditions that produce pseudoarguments. The intellectual content of the dispute is real but it is not what determines the outcome. The alliance structure determines the outcome, and the alliance structure is navigated through pseudoargument.
The Bromwich correspondence now reads differently. Bromwich’s two replies have the structure of a real argument: listening, distinction-making, willingness to draw a boundary around what the institution can and cannot address, no tribal chanting, curiosity about the distinction between drift and censorship. His replies are the clearest evidence in the entire analysis that a real argument about Yale English is possible. They are also conducted entirely outside the institutional context where the outcomes are determined. He can have a real argument with an outside interlocutor about what is happening to the discipline because the conversation has no stake in any hiring committee, tenure case, or placement decision. Inside the institution, the same questions are pseudoarguments because the stakes are institutional rather than epistemic.
* The David Pinsof essay “30 Useful Concepts about Bullshit” adds a couple of insights.
The first new thing is dark idealism. Pinsof defines it as when idealism, the heartfelt conviction that we are pure and noble and benevolent, fuels dark morality by blinding us to our biases and making those who do not share our ideals seem evil or subhuman. The prior analysis established that Smith’s self-awareness is genuine, that he occupies his institutional role without requiring innocence, that his scholarship documents how institutions produce internalized subordination through moral vocabulary. But the dark idealism entry adds a dimension that cuts at the expansion layer rather than at Smith specifically.
The Yale essay treats Bromwich and the textualist faction as the department’s best available corrective to the drift: the people whose commitment to Close Reading Excellence is genuine rather than performed, whose presence represents real interpretive authority rather than coalition positioning. The dark idealism entry predicts that this idealism is itself a source of the problem rather than purely a resource against it. The textualist faction’s conviction that close reading produces irreplaceable knowledge, that the individual critic’s sustained engagement with the specific text matters in ways that cannot be automated or replaced by distant reading or Global Anglophone frameworks, is a held ideal. It is also the sacred value that stabilizes the textualist faction’s status game. And when that ideal is challenged by a hiring candidate whose work does not fit the close reading template, the response is not purely epistemic. It is the dark idealism response: the candidate’s work is not just different, it is a failure of intellectual development, it lacks the concreteness that real scholarship requires, it needs another year. The people who do not share the ideal seem not merely wrong but epistemically deficient. That judgment is sincere. It is also the idealism-fueled version of what Pinsof calls making those who do not share our ideals seem subhuman, which in the academic context means making them seem unserious as scholars.
* David Pinsof’s incentives are everything essay makes the likability determinism versus incentive determinism distinction more fully than the 30 concepts glossary did, and the extended treatment adds something the glossary entry only gestured at.
The essay’s most important claim for Smith is this: people who say things for a living, like intellectuals, pretend that what they say is all that matters because it makes them seem more important than they really are. History is all about ideas. Words change the world. This is the intellectual’s self-serving story, and it is the story that Smith’s entire scholarly project depends on.
Smith’s four books are premised on the idea that naming the mechanism of discipline changes something about how we inhabit institutions that exercise discipline. The oracle formulation, the culture of discipline analysis, the genealogical method: all of these assume that making the invisible visible carries critical force, that insight into how power operates through the suppression of personal identity alters the relationship between the person who has the insight and the power being analyzed. That is the intellectual’s story. It makes Smith more important than the incentive determinist account would allow. If understanding the placement machine does not change what the placement machine does, and if the students who read Smith’s work still respond to the placement machine’s incentives in exactly the way students who have not read it do, then the insight produces no practical change. It produces the feeling of understanding, which is itself an incentive, but not the change in the world that the intellectual’s story promises.
To change the world with words you need something new and important to say that no one else was going to say, an incentive for people to listen rather than burn you at the stake, and an incentive for people to respond in the way you intended rather than twist your words into something else. You can only control the first. You cannot control the second and third. The people who have incentive to listen to him are the people who already agree with his diagnoses, which means his words reach the readership that finds them gratifying rather than the institutional actors whose incentive structures would need to change for anything practical to follow. And the people who do have institutional power, the administrators, the hiring committees, the program directors who could change what the Yale English placement machine rewards, have no incentive to respond in the way Smith’s analysis implies they should, because the analysis threatens their institutional position rather than serving it.
The essay’s point about rightTalkism reaches Smith more than the glossary entry did. Smith’s chairmanship requires constant language management: the dual messaging structure the Yale essay describes, Close Reading Excellence to the expansion layer and accessibility and public value to the constraint layer, is a rightTalkist operation. It assumes that saying the right things to the right audiences will maintain the resource flows and the coalition stability that the department requires. The essay predicts this will work only insofar as the audiences have an incentive to respond to the words in the intended way, and will fail as soon as the incentive structure shifts, which is exactly what the post-2024 merit reset has produced. The words have not changed. The incentive structure of the audience has changed. The dual messaging that worked before now requires more maintenance because the administration’s incentives no longer align with the scholarly prestige language the way they did before, and the discipline’s incentives no longer align with the public value language the way the administration needs them to.
A clarifying sentence in the essay for Smith is this: if you’re truly ahead of your time, people probably will not listen to you. They will ignore you, dismiss you, or burn you at the stake. Smith’s analysis of the culture of discipline is ahead of the institutional incentive structure in which he operates. The institution he chairs is not organized around producing the insight his scholarship generates. It is organized around the placement machine, the recommendation letter network, and the coalition reproduction system that his scholarship describes. The people inside it have no incentive to respond to his analysis in the way the analysis implies they should, and he has no mechanism to give them that incentive.
Smith’s scholarly project assumes that insight changes the world, but Pinsof’s essay establishes that insight only changes the world when there is an incentive for people to listen and respond in the intended way, and inside Yale English the incentive structure produces the opposite condition, ensuring that the people most positioned to act on Smith’s analysis are the least incentivized to do so.
* Smith’s scholarly project is built on incentive determinism. His four books document how incentive structures, the penitentiary’s reward system, the courtroom’s authority structure, the graduate program’s placement machine, produce behavior that the people inside those structures experience as freely chosen moral commitment. He is, in Pinsof’s terms, an incentive determinist applied to institutional life. He does not treat the warden as a villain or the graduate student as a dupe. He treats them as people responding to the incentive structures their institutions have built around them. That is the intellectual position his scholarship defends.
Smith applies incentive determinism to every institution he studies except the one he is currently running.
The Yale essay documents this without naming it. Smith’s chairmanship involves constant likability determinist operations. The placement report describes student outcomes in terms of individual scholarly achievement rather than incentive structure response. The recommendation letter attributes placement success to the student’s intellectual gifts rather than to the advocacy network that managed her trajectory. The hiring committee evaluates candidates in terms of scholarly promise rather than coalition fit. The dual messaging to the administration presents the department’s direction as the product of scholarly vision rather than resource constraint and coalition negotiation. All of these are likability determinist performances: they attribute outcomes to the qualities of individuals rather than to the incentive structures producing those outcomes.
* David Pinsof wrote that our fear of mortality is bullshit. My Yale essay uses Ernest Becker’s Denial of Death as a central analytical tool. Becker argues that humans construct hero systems, cultural frameworks that promise symbolic immortality, that tell us our lives participate in something larger and more permanent than our individual bodies.
Pinsof’s essay predicts this is the sophisticated cover story. What the institution is afraid of is what his essay identifies as the real content of mortality fear: declining status, eroding relevance, losing position in the hierarchy to rivals. The digital humanities labs at Stanford, the Global Anglophone programs at other institutions, the interdisciplinary formations absorbing the cultural energy the discipline once commanded: these are not threats to Close Reading Excellence as an intellectual practice. They are threats to Yale English’s position in the academic status hierarchy. The fear is not that close reading will disappear from the world. It is that Yale English will no longer be the institution that sets the terms of literary debate, that its ghost capital will deplete, that it will become just another department rather than the sovereign center it has experienced itself as being.
* Smith’s self-awareness is a distinctive feature of his scholarly position. His Arkansas formation, his genuine puzzlement about the gap between official discipline narratives and power, his souls without innocence formulation, his refusal of the innocence frame: all of these were treated as evidence that his engagement with the culture of discipline is more personally grounded and more honestly inhabited than the standard Foucauldian position. The prior analysis gave him credit for seeing through the idealism that his institutional position otherwise requires.
Pinsof’s Darwin the cynic essay says the lone cynic is not the problem. The mob, the movement, the higher purpose, the feeling of being part of something larger than ourselves: that is the problem. The people who cracked eggs for utopian omelets did not see themselves as apes vying for dominance. They saw themselves as valiant heroes waging war against the forces of darkness. They felt it in their bones. The self-awareness that Smith brings to his institutional position is genuine. But the essay predicts that genuine self-awareness about one mechanism does not exempt the self-aware person from all the other mechanisms operating simultaneously, and that the socially dangerous form of idealism is the kind that has already incorporated a degree of cynical self-knowledge into its self-presentation, because that incorporation makes the underlying idealism harder to detect and more resistant to challenge.
Smith’s project has this structure. His scholarship documents how institutions produce internalized subordination while making it feel like growth. His self-awareness about occupying the oracle position is real. His refusal of the innocence frame is genuine. These features make his idealism more sophisticated than the naive version but not less present. The idealism is this: that the culture of discipline analysis, applied with sufficient precision and personal honesty, constitutes a different relationship to institutional power than the unreflective version. That the person who understands the mechanism inhabits it differently from the person who does not. That souls without innocence are better than souls with it, not merely more honest. This is an idealism about the value of critical self-knowledge, and it is the sacred value around which his entire scholarly project is organized.
Pinsof’s essay predicts that this idealism serves the unholy trinity of self-interest, family-interest, and group-interest in ways that the idealism itself cannot see. The self-interest is the status that accrues to the person who demonstrates unusual critical depth. The group-interest is the coalition of scholars who share the commitment to ideological self-examination as a scholarly practice and who benefit from its prestige. The family-interest is the graduate students whose placement Smith manages and whose careers depend on his advocacy. None of these interests require bad faith. All of them are served by the idealism about critical self-knowledge being more valuable than its absence.
Pinsof’s Darwin essay predicts that sophisticated idealism, the kind that has already absorbed a degree of cynical self-knowledge, is more durable and more resistant to challenge than naive idealism, because it has already answered the obvious objections by incorporating them into its own self-presentation. The oracle who knows he is an oracle is not less invested in the oracle system. He is more effectively invested in it, because his self-knowledge makes the investment look like something other than investment.
* David Pinsof’s status is weird essay argues that if there is a status game you dislike, expose it. If there is a status game you like, shield it from criticism. When we defend our status games we appeal to sacred values and pretend they are intrinsically important independent of any status we get for upholding them. And when deciding which status games to attack or defend, we are biased: if we are losing a status game we attack it, if we are winning we defend it.
Applied to Smith, the new thing is this: his scholarly project is a status game he is winning, and the prior analysis, including everything the Pinsof corpus has added, is a status game the analysis itself is playing.
The prior analysis treated Smith’s exposure of the culture of discipline as a genuine analytical achievement. It is. But the status is weird essay adds the reflexive dimension the entire project has produced. Smith attacks the status games he is losing or has never entered: the penitentiary’s rehabilitation narrative, the courtroom’s authority structure, the naive oracle who does not know he is an oracle. He defends the status games he is winning: Close Reading Excellence as a genuine scholarly commitment, the souls without innocence formulation as a more honest relationship to institutional power than the innocence fantasy, the culture of discipline analysis itself as a more sophisticated engagement with institutional reality than unreflective participation. The analysis exposes other people’s status games. It shields his own.
* David Pinsof’s deep bullshit essay introduces the deepity: a statement with two interpretations, one bold and earth-shattering, one boring and obvious, that allows the speaker to oscillate between them producing the feeling of insight without the substance. When challenged on the bold interpretation, the speaker retreats to the boring one. When seeking to impress, the speaker leans on the bold one. The ratio of genuine insight to apparent profundity is the diagnostic measure.
Applied to Smith, the new thing is this: the oracle formulation is a deepity.
The oracle who knows he is an oracle does not thereby escape the oracle’s structural position. This is the central formulation the prior analysis built most of its Smith analysis around, and it is interesting in ways that distinguish it from the obvious deepities. But it has the deepity structure. The bold interpretation is that self-awareness about institutional power produces a fundamentally different relationship to that power, that the person who understands the mechanism inhabits it differently from the person who does not, that souls without innocence are not merely more honest than souls with it but are engaged in a different kind of institutional existence. The boring interpretation is that smart people know what they are doing and do it anyway. The oscillation between these two interpretations is what makes the oracle formulation feel so compelling. When pressed on whether self-awareness changes anything, the formulation retreats to the boring interpretation: of course the oracle does not escape the structural position, that is the whole point. When producing the feeling of insight, the formulation leans on the bold interpretation: this is a more sophisticated and honest way of inhabiting institutional authority than the naive version.
The culture of discipline analysis broadly has this structure. The bold interpretation is that naming how institutions produce internalized subordination changes something about the relationship between the person who names it and the subordination being produced. The boring interpretation is that institutions make people behave in predictable ways. The oscillation between these interpretations is what makes Foucauldian genealogy feel profound to its practitioners and empty to its critics, and both responses are tracking something real about the deepity structure. The critics are right that the boring interpretation is always available as a retreat. The practitioners are right that the bold interpretation is always available as a claim.
This applies to Smith’s Thoreau’s Axe analysis. The axe in the title is a genuine tool of attention and self-discipline, a deepity in physical form. On the bold interpretation, Thoreau’s self-imposed discipline at Walden represents a liberatory relationship to attention, a way of cutting through distraction to what matters that is categorically different from the discipline imposed by external institutional authority. On the boring interpretation, self-imposed discipline and externally imposed discipline are both discipline, and the phenomenological difference between choosing your axe and having it chosen for you does not change the structural function either performs. Smith’s entire scholarly project oscillates between these interpretations. The bold version promises that understanding the difference between liberatory and subjecting discipline opens up a different kind of practice. The boring version says discipline is discipline and the stories we tell about it are rationalizations. The analysis is valuable because it refuses to settle the oscillation, but the refusal to settle is also what gives it the deepity structure.
The oracle formulation and the culture of discipline analysis more broadly have the deepity structure that allows them to be bold when boldness is needed and boring when defense is needed, and the prior analysis, which treated their oscillation as intellectual honesty, missed that the oscillation is also the mechanism by which they function as coalition technology and status currency inside the academic humanities.
* Caleb Smith’s scholarly project is itself a moral project in the exact sense the David Pinsof morality essay describes, which means it has a mean part living underground and a nice part living on the surface, and the prior analysis has been taking the nice part at face value.
The nice part is the scholarly commitment to honest analysis of how institutional power operates. The mean part is what the Darwin essay and the status is weird essay established: the coalition maintenance, the status competition, the opinion game conducted under cover of analytical clarity. But the morality essay adds something more specific than these prior frameworks. It identifies the mean part not as status-seeking in general but as the specific operation of moral coordination against rivals.
Smith’s scholarly project coordinates a coalition against specific institutional arrangements and the people who benefit from them. The culture of discipline analysis identifies villains: the naive oracle who does not know he is an oracle, the placement report that presents coalition reproduction as scholarly excellence, the department that mistakes process compliance for interpretive capability. These are not named villains in Smith’s own work, but the analytical framework generates a clear moral topology: people who understand the mechanism and inhabit it honestly are better than people who do not, institutions that acknowledge their disciplinary function are preferable to those that conceal it, scholars who refuse the innocence frame are more admirable than those who require it. This is a moral framework: it coordinates a coalition around shared judgments about who is doing something wrong and who sees more clearly, while presenting itself as disinterested analysis rather than as moral coordination.
The essay’s claim that morality helps us lie steal and kill by giving us a menu of excuses applies to the academic context with uncomfortable precision. The culture of discipline analysis gives Smith’s coalition a menu of excuses for the exclusions it performs. A dissertation that asks the wrong questions lacks concreteness. A candidate whose work does not travel lacks rigor. A student who has not internalized the right priorities needs another year. These judgments are delivered in the language of scholarly standards. The morality essay predicts they are also moral coordination against rivals: the people whose work does not fit the coalition’s current direction are not merely producing inferior scholarship but are failing at something that carries moral weight, they are not serious, not honest about what texts do, not committed to the interpretive discipline the department claims to uphold. The moral vocabulary and the scholarly vocabulary arrive in the same package and cannot be cleanly separated.
Smith’s insistence that Reed was a convict, a writer, and an abolitionist, his refusal to require blamelessness as the price of full humanity, his souls without innocence formulation: the prior analysis treated all of these as evidence of unusual moral sophistication, a refusal of the morality-as-niceness story. The morality essay reframes this. The souls without innocence position is itself a moral position that coordinates a coalition against a rival moral position, the innocence frame. It presents itself as more honest and more sophisticated than the innocence frame. It generates negative judgments about people who require innocence as a condition of moral consideration: they are naive, they are participating in the penitential fantasy, they are missing what is most interesting about impure people who shine. The souls without innocence framework is more sophisticated than the innocence framework. It is also meaner because it generates a clearer set of in-group markers and a clearer set of exclusions that the sophistication conceals.
The essay’s claim that tarring rivals as evil is rewarding because it reassures the coalition that other moralists will have their backs applies to the academic humanities in a specific way. The culture of discipline analysis reassures Smith’s coalition that the people they are excluding from the placement machine, the scholars whose work does not fit the current moral vocabulary, are being excluded for legitimate reasons. The analysis provides exactly the coordination device Pinsof’s mathematical model describes: a focal point around which the coalition can organize its exclusions while presenting those exclusions as scholarly judgment rather than as moral coordination against rivals. The act does not even need to signal an antisocial character, as the footnote to the essay states, because group members benefit from the coordination regardless of the target’s true character.
Smith’s scholarly project documents how institutions use moral vocabulary to coordinate exclusion while presenting it as care.
* David Pinsof’s imagination essay argues that failures of imagination are red flags for self-delusion. Whenever there is a gap in your imagination your mind fills it with bullshit. The important failures are not failures to imagine concrete things but failures to imagine abstract ones: incentive structures, the possibility that your ideology is ad hoc rationalization, the possibility that your moral convictions are driving immoral behavior, the possibility that you have wasted your life on a bullshit framework.
The culture of discipline analysis is organized around failures of imagination that Smith’s own framework cannot address, and the prior analysis has been treating these failures as the outer limit of what the framework can reach rather than as the mechanism producing the framework’s blind spots.
Smith’s scholarship makes the invisible visible. It asks readers to imagine what the penitentiary is doing beneath its rehabilitation narrative, what the courtroom is doing beneath its justice vocabulary, what the graduate program is doing beneath its intellectual formation story. These are genuine imaginative achievements. The prior analysis treated them as such. The imagination essay asks the prior question: what does Smith’s framework make it harder to imagine?
Smith’s framework makes it harder to imagine that the culture of discipline analysis is itself a culture of discipline. Not in the trivial sense that all intellectual frameworks discipline their practitioners, but in the specific sense his own scholarship describes: a system that gets people to internalize its logic while experiencing that internalization as growth, that produces submission to its priorities while presenting that submission as genuine scholarly formation, that exercises control through the suppression of personal identity while making that suppression feel like enlarged authority. The imagination essay predicts that Smith cannot fully imagine this because it is the hardest thing for any intellectual to imagine about their own framework, that what feels like insight from the inside could be a sophisticated form of the thing it is analyzing.
The consciousness example in the essay is a direct analog. Pinsof argues that we cannot imagine how subjective experience could just be nerve cells and chemicals, so we assume there must be an unbridgeable gap between mind and matter, a hard problem of consciousness rather than a hard problem of imagination. Applied to Smith: we cannot imagine how genuine critical insight could just be coalition technology and status competition, so we assume there must be an unbridgeable gap between authentic scholarly work and its simulation, a hard problem of interpretive authenticity rather than a hard problem of imagination. The souls without innocence formulation acknowledges that genuine work and coalition maintenance arrive in the same package without being identical. But the imagination essay predicts that this acknowledgment is itself limited by the failure to fully imagine what it would look like if the gap did not exist, if the genuine insight and the coalition technology were not merely intertwined but were the same operation described from two different angles.
Pinsof writes that we cannot imagine our strongly held political ideologies as mere collections of ad hoc justifications, rationalizations, moralizations, embellishments, and rhetorical tactics designed to advance the interests of ever-shifting political alliances. They do not feel that way from the inside. Applied to Smith: he can imagine other people’s moral vocabularies as coalition technologies because his framework was built to do exactly that. What he cannot imagine with equal precision is his own scholarly framework as a collection of ad hoc justifications and rhetorical tactics designed to advance the interests of the coalition his work serves. The framework does not feel that way from the inside. It feels like genuine critical insight that has been personally paid for through an Arkansas formation and decades of sustained attention to how institutions operate.
Pinsof writes that it is hard to imagine a world where complex incentive structures explain everything but easy to imagine a world where all problems are caused by bad unlikable people and all solutions are caused by good likable people. Smith’s framework is explicitly incentive determinist rather than likability determinist about the institutions he studies. He does not treat wardens or judges or graduate directors as villains. He treats them as people responding to institutional incentive structures. But the imagination essay predicts that applying incentive determinism consistently requires imagining your own project as equally subject to incentive structures, which is the hardest imaginative task the framework generates. Smith can imagine the penitentiary’s incentive structure. He can imagine the placement machine’s incentive structure. The imagination essay asks whether he can imagine the culture of discipline analysis’s incentive structure with the same precision, and predicts that the failure to do so fully will be filled with the bullshit story about genuine critical insight being different in kind from what it describes.
The imagination essay identifies the specific failure of imagination that the prior analysis kept circling, which is the failure to imagine the culture of discipline analysis as subject to the same incentive structures and coalition functions that it documents in every institution it examines, and predicts that wherever that imaginative gap exists Smith’s mind will fill it with the bullshit story about souls without innocence being different from the innocence they refuse, which is the most sophisticated available form of exactly the self-deception his scholarship was built to expose.
Convenient Beliefs
Caleb Smith is so perfectly aligned with his coalition that the alignment has become invisible, not just to him but to the entire institutional culture that produced him. He is the Karl Young Professor of English and of American Studies at Yale and chair of the English department. His scholarly work centers on carceral literature, punishment, and the literary representation of state violence. His books, including The Prison and the American Imagination and The Oracle and the Curse, read American literature through the lens of incarceration, examining how texts by and about prisoners reveal the structures of power that the legal system obscures.
His coalition is the contemporary American English department, specifically the elite stratum that runs from Yale through the Ivy League and top-twenty research universities. That coalition’s material base is tenure, endowed chairs, university press publication, graduate admissions, and the placement pipeline that converts PhD students into junior faculty at other institutions. The prestige economy runs on peer review, PMLA and Critical Inquiry citations, MLA conference invitations, and the network of recommendation letters and editorial board memberships that determine who rises.
His convenient beliefs map onto that coalition with a completeness that makes the mapping almost too easy.
The first convenient belief is that literary criticism of state violence is a form of political action. Smith’s work treats the close reading of prison literature as a practice with moral and political stakes. To attend carefully to the voice of the condemned, to the literary strategies of incarcerated writers, to the cultural machinery that renders punishment invisible, is presented as a form of resistance to that machinery. The critic who reads carceral texts is doing something about the carceral system.
Turner would recognize this as the most convenient possible belief for a literary scholar. If close reading is political action, then the literary critic is a political actor. His skills are not merely decorative or scholarly. They are necessary for justice. The alternative belief, that close reading of prison texts has no measurable effect on incarceration rates, sentencing policy, or the lived conditions of prisoners, would be devastating to the moral self-understanding of an entire academic sub-field. Turner predicts that the belief will be held firmly because it is load-bearing for the careers, identities, and institutional prestige of everyone who shares it.
The insulation is nearly perfect. Smith’s sympathy for the condemned prisoner as moral and literary authority will never produce the kind of reckoning that Norman Mailer’s championing of Jack Abbott produced, because it lives entirely in texts that almost nobody outside New Haven reads. The abstraction protects the position. You can treat the violent criminal as a figure of redemptive suffering in a Yale University Press monograph without ever having to answer for it the way a public intellectual would. That protection is itself a convenient belief: the belief that the academic form of the argument exempts it from the real-world consequences that the same argument would produce if stated plainly in a mass-circulation context.
The second convenient belief is that the Foucauldian-carceral framework represents genuine analytical insight rather than a coalition credential. Smith’s theoretical apparatus, drawn from Foucault, from critical legal studies, from the tradition of reading punishment as a technology of power rather than a response to crime, is both intellectually productive and coalitionally essential. It signals theoretical sophistication, political seriousness, and alignment with the field’s dominant moral commitments.
Turner would note that a scholar who wrote equally careful literary history but concluded that punishment was sometimes just, that victims deserved sustained analytical attention, or that the liberal state’s use of incarceration reflects something other than pure power would find the same doors considerably harder to open. The framework is not incidental to the career. The framework is partly how the career gets built. Deploying it correctly tells your peers that you belong, that you share the field’s commitments, that you are safe to promote and reward.
The convenient belief is not that Foucault had some good ideas. It is that the Foucauldian framework is the correct way to read American literary history, rather than one way among several, each with its own blind spots. Turner predicts that Smith will experience the framework as analytically compelling rather than coalitionally convenient because experiencing it as coalitionally convenient would require a reflexive move that the coalition does not reward.
The third convenient belief is that close reading, as practiced in the contemporary elite English department, is a skill that justifies the institutional apparatus that houses it. The Yale English department’s self-image depends on the claim that what it teaches, the ability to read texts with precision, theoretical sophistication, and cultural awareness, is a form of knowledge that the university needs to produce. That claim justifies tenure lines, graduate funding, endowed chairs, and the entire reproduction pipeline that Smith now oversees as chair.
Turner’s work on tacit knowledge is directly relevant here. The close reading that the department practices is genuinely a tacit skill. It is acquired through apprenticeship, through years of seminar participation, through watching senior scholars model the practice. It cannot be reduced to a set of rules. It is a real form of expertise.
But the convenient belief is that this expertise justifies the specific institutional form in which it is currently housed. Turner would observe that the tacit skill of literary interpretation could exist in many institutional configurations. It does not require a research university with a PhD program and a job-market pipeline. The current configuration serves the interests of the people inside it: it provides them with careers, students, prestige, and the social world that the department sustains. The belief that the configuration is necessary for the skill to survive is convenient because it makes the institutional apparatus seem indispensable when it is, in fact, one possible arrangement among others.
The fourth convenient belief is that the department’s political and theoretical commitments are the natural expression of intellectual seriousness rather than the product of a specific historical coalition that achieved dominance in the humanities between roughly 1980 and 2020. Smith inherited a department shaped by the New Criticism, then by the Yale School of deconstruction, then by the identity turn that followed September 11, and now by the intersection of critical race theory, carceral studies, and post-colonial analysis. Each of these phases presented itself as the intellectually serious response to the moment. Each was also a coalition victory within the discipline, determining who got hired, what got published, and what counted as legitimate scholarship.
Turner would say the convenient belief is not that any of these intellectual movements were worthless. Many produced genuine insight. The convenient belief is that the current configuration represents the state of the art rather than the state of the coalition. The distinction matters because “state of the art” implies that departure from the current framework is a step backward, while “state of the coalition” implies that departure is merely a step outside the ruling alliance. The first framing discourages intellectual independence. The second invites it. Smith has every incentive to hold the first framing and no incentive to hold the second.
The fifth convenient belief is that the department’s hiring and promotion criteria are driven by intellectual merit. As chair, Smith oversees a process that selects for a specific combination of theoretical fluency, political alignment, and scholarly productivity. The selection criteria are experienced internally as standards. They feel like the minimum requirements for genuine excellence. Turner would observe that they are also the criteria that reproduce the existing coalition. A candidate who is theoretically brilliant but theoretically wrong, who reads with precision but reaches conclusions that challenge the field’s dominant moral commitments, will not clear the same committees. The criteria select for allies and screen out rivals while appearing to select for quality.
This is not conspiracy. It is how tacit norms operate. The committee members are not consciously excluding dissidents. They are applying standards they absorbed through their own training, standards that feel objective because they are shared by everyone in the room. Turner’s point is that shared standards that emerge from a specific formation are not objective standards. They are the tacit knowledge of a particular coalition, transmitted through apprenticeship and experienced as universal by the people who hold them.
The beliefs that would be inconvenient for Smith to hold are the ones that would fracture his position.
That the Foucauldian framework is a coalition technology as much as an analytical tool. That his scholarly sympathy for the condemned operates at no personal or professional cost, which distinguishes it from the genuine moral risk that public advocates for prisoners take. That the department’s theoretical commitments reflect a coalition victory rather than the state of knowledge. That the job-market pipeline he oversees reproduces a specific intellectual culture rather than identifying the best scholars. That the humanities crisis is not primarily caused by external philistinism but by the internal decision to organize the discipline around commitments that most educated readers find unpersuasive. That a scholar who reached different conclusions from the same texts, who found in American literature a more complex moral landscape than the carceral framework allows, would produce work of comparable rigor and greater public resonance.
Each of these beliefs is defensible. Each would cost him standing within the coalition that sustains his career. Turner predicts he will find them unpersuasive.
Cultural Trauma
Jeffrey Alexander’s cultural trauma framework applies to Caleb Smith in a way that inverts every other case in this series so far. He is not managing unprocessed trauma, preventing trauma from crystallizing, assembling the archive of a future trauma claim, or narrating a trauma that the wider culture has declined to ratify. He is a carrier group for a trauma narrative that has already achieved full institutional ratification within his coalition and that now functions as the organizing principle of an entire academic sub-field.
The trauma is the carceral state’s violence against the condemned, the incarcerated, and the populations marked for punishment by the American legal system.
Map it onto Alexander’s spiral and the completeness is striking.
At the first stage, naming the pain, the narrative is fully articulated. The pain is the systematic dehumanization of prisoners, the erasure of their voices, the conversion of human beings into objects of state administration. Smith’s books, The Prison and the American Imagination and The Oracle and the Curse, name this pain with literary precision. The prison does not just confine. It produces a specific kind of subject, stripped of agency, voice, and moral standing. The pain is not incidental to the system. It is the system’s product.
At the second stage, identifying the victim, the narrative has achieved the sacralization that Alexander says successful trauma claims require. The victim is not a specific prisoner or a specific population. It is the figure of the condemned as such, the human being subjected to state violence in its most concentrated institutional form. That figure has been elevated, in the carceral studies tradition Smith inhabits, to something approaching sacred status. The prisoner becomes the test case for the society’s moral legitimacy. How a society treats its condemned reveals the truth about its entire structure of power. The victim has been broadened from the individual inmate to the principle of human dignity under conditions of state coercion.
At the third stage, attributing responsibility, the perpetrator is identified with the specificity Alexander requires. It is the American state, the legal system, the cultural imagination that legitimizes punishment, and the literary and political traditions that have rendered incarceration invisible or natural. Smith’s scholarly project is precisely this attribution work. He reads American literature as the cultural machinery through which the carceral system produces its own legitimacy. The novels, poems, and legal texts he analyzes are not reflections of the prison. They are instruments of the prison. They naturalize confinement. They make punishment legible as justice. The literary critic who exposes this naturalization is performing the attribution of responsibility that Alexander’s spiral requires.
At the fourth stage, producing a narrative that a wider audience experiences as its own, the carceral trauma claim has achieved remarkable success within the academic humanities and adjacent progressive institutional culture. The narrative has crossed from criminology and legal studies into literary criticism, American studies, cultural theory, and public discourse. Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow, Bryan Stevenson’s Just Mercy, the broader movement for prison abolition and criminal justice reform, the 1619 Project’s framing of American history through the lens of racial subjection: all of these participate in the same spiral of signification. The carceral trauma narrative has become one of the dominant moral frameworks of the contemporary American humanities. It is taught in seminars, published in leading journals, funded by foundations, and rewarded through hiring and promotion.
Smith is not the architect of this narrative. He is one of its most refined institutional expressions. His contribution is to extend the trauma claim into the literary archive, showing that American literature has always been implicated in the carceral project, that the canon is not innocent of state violence, that reading the tradition honestly requires reading it as a record of punishment and subjection.
Alexander’s framework reveals something about this success that the participants in the narrative rarely examine. A fully ratified trauma claim, one that has achieved institutional dominance, changes its function. It is no longer a challenge to power. It becomes a form of power.
When a trauma narrative is still being constructed, when the carrier group is fighting for recognition, when the wider audience has not yet accepted the claim, the narrative operates as Alexander describes: it challenges existing institutional arrangements by making visible a wound the culture has refused to acknowledge. The carrier group is an outsider pressing against the establishment’s preferred story.
When the narrative achieves ratification, when it controls hiring committees, journal editorial boards, curriculum design, and the moral vocabulary of an entire discipline, it has become the establishment’s preferred story. The carrier group is no longer a challenger. It is the institution. The trauma claim no longer disrupts authority. It confers authority.
Smith’s position illustrates this transformation with precision. His scholarly project, reading American literature as carceral machinery, is not a marginal or embattled position within the Yale English department. It is fully compatible with the department’s dominant commitments. It does not threaten his career. It constitutes his career. The trauma narrative he articulates is the narrative the institution rewards. The Karl Young Professorship and the department chairmanship are not prizes for dissent. They are prizes for articulating the coalition’s moral framework with distinction.
Alexander would recognize this as the endpoint of a successful trauma spiral. The narrative that began as a challenge to institutional self-understanding has become the institution’s self-understanding. The carrier group that began as a voice from the margins now speaks from the center. The sacred victim whose suffering was once invisible now organizes the entire curriculum.
That success creates a specific problem that Alexander’s framework identifies but that the carrier group rarely confronts. A trauma narrative that has been fully ratified loses its capacity for self-criticism. When the narrative was embattled, it needed analytical sharpness. It needed to convince skeptics. It needed to produce evidence and argument of sufficient quality to overcome resistance. Once ratified, those pressures relax. The narrative no longer needs to persuade. It needs only to be repeated. The intellectual standards that produced the narrative’s initial power are no longer enforced by the competitive pressure of a hostile environment. They are replaced by the reproductive pressure of an institution that needs the narrative to continue in order to justify its own commitments.
This is visible in the specific texture of Smith’s scholarly work. His close readings are careful and his historical research is genuine. But the conclusions are never in doubt. The literary text will reveal carceral logic. The American imagination will be shown to participate in the production of the punishing state. The critic who performs this revelation will be confirmed in his moral and analytical authority. The outcome is known before the reading begins because the trauma narrative that governs the reading has already determined what counts as a finding.
Alexander would say this is the standard trajectory of any successful trauma claim. The narrative that once revealed hidden truth eventually conceals new truths, because the framework that made the original revelation possible has become too rigid to accommodate observations that complicate or contradict it. The carceral lens that illuminates one dimension of American literature necessarily obscures others. A tradition that also contains comedy, redemption, celebration, ambivalence about authority, and genuine moral complexity that does not reduce to state violence is flattened by a framework committed to finding state violence everywhere it looks.
Smith cannot see this flattening from inside the framework because the framework is not designed to reveal its own distortions. Alexander notes that carrier groups whose trauma claims have been ratified develop a specific blindness. They can see the distortions produced by rival frameworks with extraordinary clarity. They cannot see the distortions produced by their own. The scholar who reads the canon as carceral machinery can see what the older humanistic tradition missed about power, punishment, and racial subjection. He cannot see what his own tradition misses about everything else the texts contain.
Smith is the carrier group for a trauma narrative that has been fully ratified but that no longer operates as a challenge. He has not needed to complete the spiral himself. It was completed before he arrived. He inherited a narrative that already controlled the institution’s moral vocabulary. He speaks from inside the institution and on behalf of its dominant commitments. His narrative has institutional force but has lost the critical edge that comes from pressing against resistance.
Alexander’s framework predicts that both positions are unstable in different ways. Bromwich’s position is unstable because a narrative without ratification eventually loses its carrier group. When Bromwich retires, the tradition he narrates may have no one left to narrate it. The Sterling chair sustains the narrative now. Without the chair, the narrative may cease to be produced.
Smith’s position is unstable because a narrative that has been fully ratified eventually provokes a counter-narrative. Alexander documents this repeatedly. Every successful trauma claim generates, over time, a rival claim that the original narrative has itself become a form of power, a mechanism of exclusion, a source of new injuries. The counter-narrative to the carceral studies framework is already visible in the broader culture: the claim that the humanities’ fixation on state violence, racial subjection, and systemic critique has produced an intellectual monoculture that excludes other ways of reading, other moral frameworks, and other accounts of what literature is for. That counter-narrative has not yet achieved institutional force within the elite academy. But it has significant cultural energy outside the academy, and Alexander predicts that external pressure of this kind eventually penetrates institutional walls.
When it does, Smith’s position changes. The narrative that made him department chair becomes the narrative the institution must defend rather than the narrative the institution deploys. The carrier group shifts from offense to defense. The analytical energy that once went into extending the trauma claim into new domains goes instead into maintaining the claim against challengers. That defensive posture is where Alexander says trauma narratives begin to calcify. The framework becomes more rigid. The enforcement becomes more explicit. The quiet suppression that Bromwich describes in other contexts becomes the carrier group’s own tool for maintaining control over the narrative it built.
Smith’s career is early enough in this trajectory that the calcification is not yet visible. The carceral studies framework still feels fresh inside the institutions that reward it. The hiring committees still experience it as intellectually serious rather than as rote. The journals still treat the framework’s conclusions as discoveries rather than as confirmations. But Alexander’s temporal analysis predicts that this phase is finite. Institutional narratives that face no competitive pressure eventually lose the intellectual vitality that made them compelling. The carrier group stops producing new insight and starts policing the boundaries of acceptable interpretation. The framework that once liberated reading begins to constrain it.
The most powerful position in the trauma economy is not the carrier group that fights for ratification. It is the carrier group that has achieved ratification so completely that the trauma narrative is invisible as a narrative. It has become the water in which the institution swims. Smith does not experience himself as advancing a trauma claim. He experiences himself as reading literature honestly. The claim has disappeared into the method. The narrative has become the lens through which all observation passes. That is Alexander’s description of what happens when a trauma spiral reaches its endpoint: the constructed narrative becomes indistinguishable from reality for the people inside it.
Buffered & Porous Selves
Smith grew up in Arkansas. The formation matters. Arkansas in the years Smith grew up was not the thoroughly buffered environment of the northeastern professional class that produces most American literary scholars. It was a region where power operated more directly, where evangelical Protestant porous religious commitment remained substantial, where the gap between official narratives about discipline and actual operations of power was visible to anyone paying attention. Clinton, Walmart, Tyson Poultry, evangelical preachers. The political economy did not require the buffered cultural superstructure that northeastern institutions built around their operations of power. Power was exercised without the psychic refinements that make buffered American life feel like something other than power.
This formation produced in Smith what academics with purely buffered formations typically cannot produce: awareness that the buffered cultural superstructure is a specific cultural formation rather than the natural shape of human institutions. The buffered superstructure appears to buffered academics as simply what serious institutions look like. To someone who grew up observing power operate without the superstructure, the superstructure looks specifically like what it is: a specifically culturally constructed apparatus that buffered communities require for their institutions to feel legitimate. Smith arrived at Yale having already seen institutions operate without the apparatus. The seeing shaped what he would subsequently write about.
Smith’s scholarship addresses how American literature has represented the operations of disciplinary power on subjects who are typically not buffered. The prison inmates who populate his archive, the criminals whose voices appear in carceral literature, the subjects of reform narratives in the nineteenth century were not fully buffered selves submitting to discipline through reasoned consent. They were subjects on whom discipline operated through force, coercion, institutional constraint, and the production of specific forms of subjectivity that they did not choose.
Standard academic literary criticism approaches these subjects through buffered analytical categories developed within the tradition that the prisoners themselves were being forced to enter. The approach produces sophisticated analysis but often misses something about what the prisoners experienced. The experience was porous in ways buffered analysis cannot fully capture. The porous experience of coercion does not reduce to the buffered analysis of discursive construction. The reduction strips out what the prisoners were going through as they encountered institutions that operated on buffered principles they did not share.
Smith’s work uses the tools of contemporary literary criticism: close reading, attention to rhetorical structure, engagement with theoretical frameworks from Foucault, Spivak, and others. The method is what his Yale position requires him to deploy. Within the method, he produces analysis that exceeds what pure buffered engagement with buffered subjects would produce. The excess comes from his Arkansas formation. He knows that power operates on subjects who do not share the buffered assumptions the power relies on for its legitimacy. His analysis preserves awareness of this gap that pure buffered analysis would erase.
Smith developed the phrase “souls without innocence” in conversation about Rachel Kushner’s fiction. Kushner writes about people who have been damaged by their lives, who have done things that cannot be defended, who have committed crimes and accumulated wounds that they cannot undo. She treats them with sustained attention that does not require them to be innocent. They can be corrupted, guilty, wounded, and still worthy of the attention the fiction gives them.
This is Smith’s own ethical position in his scholarly work. He attends to prisoners, criminals, violent men, people who have done things that the American moral imagination wants to purify away. He does not attend to them to produce moral rehabilitation. He does not need them to be innocent. He can hold them as subjects of sustained analysis while not requiring that they be made acceptable to the buffered moral vocabulary that would typically either exclude them or sanitize them.
Buffered moral vocabulary operates on specifically purified categories. Good and bad, innocent and guilty, deserving and undeserving. The categories produce specific kinds of analysis that strip away complexity to reach the kinds of clear judgments buffered public discourse requires. Porous traditions have richer vocabularies for engaging moral complexity. Catholic confession attends to sins without requiring the sinner to be wicked. Jewish tradition attends to people like King David who do terrible things without ceasing to be central figures in the covenant. The porous traditions can hold complexity that buffered moral vocabulary typically cannot hold.
Smith’s “souls without innocence” reintroduces some of this capacity into buffered academic discourse. The formulation is not itself religious. He does not invoke Catholic or Jewish frameworks. But the formulation does work the buffered moral vocabulary cannot easily do. It allows attention to subjects who do not fit the clear categories of buffered moral thought. The attention produces analysis that would be impossible within purer buffered frameworks.
Smith holds the chair of Yale’s English department. This is one of the most prestigious positions in American literary studies. It is also institutionally embedded within an institution that operates on thoroughly buffered principles. Yale is a paradigmatic buffered institution. Its operations, its self-understanding, its relationship to its own history, its treatment of its students and faculty all proceed on buffered assumptions. Smith’s work within the institution proceeds through the institution’s buffered procedures even when the work itself analyzes what buffered procedures cannot capture.
The combination creates specific tensions that Smith navigates continuously. His Arkansas formation provides analytical resources the institution does not produce. His Yale position provides institutional support the analysis requires to reach audiences. The two sides of the combination need each other but also strain against each other. The Arkansas formation would have less to work with without the Yale training and position. The Yale position would produce less distinctive work without the Arkansas formation. The combination is what makes his specific contribution possible.
Rony Guldmann grew up outside American academic culture and has operated as philosophical critic of progressive academic culture from institutional marginality. Smith grew up outside the buffered environment that produces most literary scholars and has operated as literary critic of carceral institutions from institutional centrality at Yale. Both scholars bring outsider awareness to institutions that otherwise produce thoroughly buffered analysis. The different institutional positions produce different kinds of work.
Guldmann’s work critiques the buffered institutions from outside them. Smith’s work examines what buffered institutions do to populations outside them. The different stances reflect the different institutional positions and the different consequences of their original outsider formations. Guldmann has been marginalized. Smith has been centralized. The different trajectories are not about which scholar is better or more insightful. They reflect different strategies for maintaining analytical distance from the buffered framework while operating within or outside its institutions.
Taylor’s framework helps see both scholars as responses to the same underlying condition. The buffered framework cannot easily see what it excludes. Scholars who come from backgrounds that include what the framework excludes can see what the framework cannot. Whether they operate from within or outside the institutions that enforce the framework shapes the particular form their analysis takes. Smith operates from within. His analysis passes institutional review procedures while preserving awareness that pure institutional analysis would erase.
Dvid Bromwich defends the liberal humanist tradition at Yale against threats the tradition faces from various directions. Smith works within the same Yale English department but produces work on substantially different topics with substantially different methods. Bromwich focuses on canonical literary figures and political thinkers from a position that takes the tradition’s continued vitality seriously. Smith focuses on carceral literature and the operations of state violence from a position that questions the tradition’s innocence about the power it has served and obscured.
The two scholars represent different possible positions within the same institution. Bromwich defends. Smith interrogates. Bromwich operates closer to the tradition’s mainstream self-understanding. Smith operates at the edge of the tradition engaging material the tradition has typically ignored. Both positions have specific value. Neither displaces the other. Together they produce a more variegated department than either alone would produce.
Bromwich operates from within the buffered tradition as defender. Smith operates from within the tradition as critic whose criticism draws on awareness of what the tradition has systematically excluded. Smith’s criticism is possible because his formation included elements the tradition typically excludes. Bromwich’s defense is possible because his formation included thorough absorption of the tradition’s self-understanding. Both positions are coherent within the tradition’s institutional life. They draw on different formational resources and produce different kinds of work.
The specifically important Foucault engagement. Smith’s scholarship engages Foucault’s work on discipline and punishment extensively. Foucault’s work is itself an attempt to make visible the operations of buffered modern institutions that typically operate tacitly. Foucault showed how modern disciplinary institutions produce specific kinds of subjects through practices that operate below the level of conscious consent. The subjects become what the institutions shape them to become without experiencing the shaping as coercion in the traditional sense. The analysis depends on a kind of phenomenological attention that purely buffered analysis typically does not produce.
Smith draws on Foucault while extending the analysis in directions Foucault did not pursue. Foucault analyzed the operations of disciplinary institutions. Smith analyzes the literary representation of those operations. The literary representation provides access to the subjective experience of subjects under disciplinary power in ways that Foucault’s institutional analysis did not require. The subjects whose voices appear in carceral literature register what discipline was like from inside. The registration is specifically phenomenological. Smith’s analysis preserves and develops the phenomenological register while using Foucault’s structural framework.
This combination produces work that operates in both buffered and phenomenologically attentive modes. The buffered mode provides institutional credibility. The phenomenological attentiveness provides access to what buffered institutional analysis cannot reach. The combination is specifically difficult. Smith has sustained it across multiple books and many essays.
Smith’s writing has a specific quality that reflects his double position. He can write about prisoners and criminals without producing either sanitization or exploitation. The sanitization would reduce the subjects to objects of moral improvement. The exploitation would reduce them to objects of titillating horror. Both are failures of attention that buffered analysis typically produces. Smith’s writing avoids both because his formation gave him resources the buffered analysis typically lacks.
The resources are not easily named. They involve something like ongoing awareness that the subjects being analyzed are fully human in ways the analysis cannot fully capture. The ongoing awareness prevents the analysis from settling into confident conclusions that would flatten the subjects to analytical categories. The subjects remain more than the analysis can fully account for. The remainder is what makes Smith’s work feel attentive in ways other scholarly work often does not.
Yale’s institutional operation requires buffered scholarly production from its faculty. The requirement is procedurally enforced through tenure review, publication expectations, teaching evaluations, service expectations, and all the other mechanisms by which the institution reproduces itself. Smith meets these requirements. His work is respected within the institutional framework. His administrative service as department chair fulfills expectations for senior faculty. His scholarship passes institutional review.
Contemporary American politics has been substantially shaped by the operations of the buffered institutional apparatus on populations that do not fully share the buffered framework. Carceral populations, working-class communities, rural regions, evangelical Protestant communities, ethnic populations recently arrived through immigration operate in various distances from full buffered formation. Buffered institutions govern these populations without fully engaging their phenomenological positions. The disjunction produces substantial political conflict.
Scholars such as Smith bring resources the institutions cannot produce while meeting the institutions’ requirements. The institutions benefit from their presence without specifically recognizing what the presence contributes. The scholars benefit from institutional support that their formational resources alone could not provide. The mutual benefit sustains work that neither party could produce alone.
The narrowing of formational diversity among American academic faculty is important. Smith’s distinctive work depends on his specifically distinctive formation. As formational diversity narrows, fewer scholars with similarly distinctive perspectives will be available for institutional positions that would benefit from them. The institutions themselves do not track this narrowing because the framework within which they operate cannot see what it excludes. The narrowing proceeds while the institutions assume they are continuing their traditional operation.
Scholars whose work operates partly outside buffered framework depend on formational diversity that buffered institutions do not reproduce. The institutions reproduce their own framework. The framework excludes the formational conditions that produce distinctive perspectives. Over time, the institutions come to consist primarily of faculty whose formations match the institutions’ framework. The match produces institutional homogeneity that reduces the institutions’ capacity to engage populations outside the framework.
The Set
His Yale colleagues form the inner ring. Michael Warner (b. 1958), the secularism and publics scholar, is the most obvious peer. Wai Chee Dimock (b. 1953) is the senior American Studies presence. Langdon Hammer (b. 1958) and David Bromwich (b. 1951) anchor the English department on the literary-historical side, with Bromwich at the more conservative tilt. Joseph North, whose Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History (2017) put him on the map, Marta Figlerowicz, Pericles Lewis, R. John Williams, Sunny Xiang, Sarah Mahurin, Anthony Reed, and jill Campbell all share the corridor.
The wider American literature peer group runs through Lloyd Pratt at Oxford, Christopher Castiglia at Penn State, Sandra Gustafson at Notre Dame, Russ Castronovo at Wisconsin, Christopher Looby at UCLA, Dana Luciano at Rutgers, Glenn Hendler at Fordham, Eric Lott at CUNY, Sianne Ngai (b. 1971) at Chicago, Walter Benn Michaels at UIC at the contrarian edge, Caroline Levine at Cornell, Stephen Best at Berkeley and Sharon Marcus at Columbia at the post-critique heart, Saidiya Hartman (b. 1961) at Columbia, and Fred Moten (b. 1962) at NYU. Lauren Berlant (1957-2021) sat at the center of this map before her death and her shadow is still long. The same for Eve Sedgwick (1950-2009).
Prison and carceral studies supply another wing. Bernard Harcourt at Columbia, Colin Dayan (b. 1949) at Vanderbilt, David Garland at NYU, Ruth Wilson Gilmore (b. 1950) at CUNY, Joy James, Dylan Rodriguez, Avery Gordon at UCSB, and Robert Perkinson at Hawaii. Bryan Stevenson (b. 1959) sits at the public-facing edge.
Secularism and religion studies supply a third. Tracy Fessenden at Arizona State, John Lardas Modern, Webb Keane at Michigan, Robert Orsi at Northwestern, Pamela Klassen at Toronto, and Emily Ogden at Virginia, who blurbed Thoreau’s Axe. Charles Taylor (b. 1931), Saba Mahmood (1962-2018), and Talal Asad (b. 1932) are the inherited authorities behind that wing.
The attention and distraction circuit forms a fourth. Jonathan Crary at Columbia, the author of 24/7: Late Capitalism and the Ends of Sleep and Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern Culture. Matthew Crawford (b. 1965). Jenny Odell (b. 1986). Tim Wu (b. 1972) at Columbia. L.M. Sacasas at The Convivial Society newsletter. Astra Taylor (b. 1979). Johann Hari at the popular edge. Cal Newport (b. 1982) and the productivity-self-help wing sit on the same airport-bookstore shelf and the set treats them with polite distance.
The essayist and reviewer circuit that a book like Thoreau’s Axe moves through includes Leslie Jamison (b. 1983) at Columbia, a Yale College alum who blurbed the book. Merve Emre (b. 1985), Christine Smallwood, Maggie Doherty, Andrea Long Chu, Becca Rothfeld, Brandon Taylor (b. 1989), Christian Lorentzen, Jenny Davidson at Columbia, A.O. Scott at the New York Times Book Review, Hua Hsu (b. 1977) and Vinson Cunningham at the New Yorker, Jia Tolentino (b. 1988), and Maggie Nelson (b. 1973). The n+1 founders Mark Greif (b. 1975), Keith Gessen (b. 1975), Marco Roth, and Chad Harbach (b. 1975) are the generational cohort. Meghan O’Rourke (b. 1976) edits the Yale Review, which sits at the center of Smith’s home territory.
The set values close reading, archival care, ambiguity, slowness, formal craft in prose, ethical seriousness without ethical preaching, the long sentence, the well-chosen quotation, the unmoralized paradox, the recovered voice (Austin Reed is the model). They want literature taken seriously as a form of knowing. They want prison taken seriously as both site and metaphor. They want discipline taken seriously as both freedom and constraint. They want religion taken seriously as a real human thing, neither dismissed nor endorsed. They want politics in the seminar without politics flattening the text. They want the university to remain a place where slow thought is possible.
The hero system rewards the patient archive-worker. The man who finds the lost manuscript (Smith finding Austin Reed) is the saint. The professor who can write for the New Yorker and for Critical Inquiry in the same year is the saint. The book that gets reviewed in the New York Review of Books and assigned in graduate seminars is the saint. The teacher who runs a prison seminar at MacDougall-Walker and teaches Hawthorne to undergraduates in the same week is the saint. The chair of the English department who keeps the department functioning during the humanities collapse is the saint. The figure who can hold a contradiction (medicine and poison, discipline and freedom, attention as gift and attention as control) without resolving it is the saint. Berlant was the patron of that kind of holding. Sedgwick before her.
The anti-saints. The loud activist who flattens the text into the slogan. The market-rationalist who treats literature as a hobby. The science-popularizer who explains away the soul (Steven Pinker on bad days, Robert Sapolsky, Richard Dawkins). The data-humanist who reduces the novel to a graph (Franco Moretti at his most reductive). The administrator who treats the humanities as a cost center. The chancellor who shuts down the program. The trustee from Wall Street who endows a STEM building. The MFA careerist who treats the workshop as a credentialing service. The right-wing culture warrior who reads the humanities as captured enemy territory. The DeSantis appointee at New College. The libertarian who calls for the end of tenure. On the other flank, the figure who reduces all reading to identity confirmation.
Status games run on prose, prizes, and presses. The currency is the Princeton or Harvard or Yale University Press contract, the endowed chair (the Karl Young is the Karl Young), the lecture series at UCLA or Michigan or Georgetown (the Barbara Packer, the Heberle, the Lacay, all of which Smith has held or will hold), the Guggenheim, the ACLS, the NEH, the Mellon (Smith’s Million Books Project draws Mellon money), the long review in NYRB, the profile in the Chronicle of Higher Education, the placement at the Whitney Humanities Center, the cross-appointment in American Studies or Comparative Literature, the seminar at the Institute for Advanced Study, the Berlin or Bellagio residency, the blurb from Jamison or Nelson. Secondary currencies include the LARB contributing editorship, the n+1 essay, the Public Books piece, the Yale Review essay, the Harper’s lead, the New Yorker assignment.
A subtler status game runs on tone. The set rewards the man who can be serious without being grim, attentive without being precious, theoretical without jargon. It punishes the careerist, the moralizer, the show-off, and the man who cannot read a poem.
Normative claims, stated and assumed. Literature matters. The humanities should be defended. Close reading is a discipline worth teaching. Mass incarceration is a national wound and the literary archive helps us see it. Distraction is a real problem worth taking seriously rather than mocking. Attention is a gift and a discipline and the discipline can be tyrannical. The carceral state has been too punitive for too long. Religion deserves serious treatment, neither apology nor dismissal. The university should remain slow as the world speeds up. Prose still matters. The novel still matters. The archive still matters. Public intellectuals owe the public craft, not screed.
Essentialist claims, stated and assumed. Literature is a kind of knowledge that other media cannot replicate. Texts speak in voices that history alone cannot capture. The archive contains lost truths that scholarship can recover. Attention is real and can be cultivated or destroyed. Discipline shapes the soul, for good and for ill. Some readings are better than other readings. Some prose is better than other prose. Some books survive and others do not, and the difference matters. The humanities have a distinctive office in human life. There is a moral seriousness available through reading that is not available through faster media. Ambiguity is a feature.
A few features sit underneath all of this. The set is heavily East Coast with strong Bay Area and Chicago presence, mostly White at the top with a careful effort to expand, heavily male in tenured ranks though the younger ranks have shifted, heavily Protestant in cultural inheritance even where individual scholars are Jewish or Catholic or unchurched, fluent in Michel Foucault, formed by Berlant, suspicious of the productivity industry while quietly admiring some of its discipline. They live in New Haven, Cambridge, New York, the Bay, Charlottesville, Ann Arbor. They read carefully and often. They write slowly. They publish too much by the standards of their grandparents and too little by the standards of journalism. They like long sentences. They mistrust the right-wing assault on the humanities and the activist-left assault on the seminar. They mistrust the optimization-self crowd and the doom-and-grievance crowd. They like Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Hannah Arendt, the late Berlant. They half-like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, more than the heirs of the New Criticism did. They love a good close reading.
The binding glue of the set is a shared conviction that the slow work of reading still pays, that the archive still surprises, that the humanities still teach something no other discipline teaches, and that the man who can hold a contradiction without rushing to resolve it has access to something the optimizer and the activist cannot reach. They believe this is worth defending even as the institutions that house it shrink. They suspect the quiet might not be enough.
