NPR: “So how bad can things get? Dr. John Birkmeyer at Dartmouth-Hitchcock in New Hampshire says a patient came to him after bariatric surgery at a small hospital, a hospital that didn’t perform that operation often. Before sewing up this patient, the surgeon had messed up the plumbing. This patient’s gut flowed in a circle.”
It seems obvious to me that affirmative action doctors are going to be less competent. If you get a black doctor, the odds are seven in eight by the statistics that the doctor benefited from affirmative action (and the odds are higher than that because blacks get a lot of affirmative action off the books).
It’s disgusting that there are no publicly available records breaking down medical malpractice by race, but people who work in the field of defending doctors accused of malpractice say it is disproportionately black doctors who are charged with malpractice and who lose their medical licenses because of malpractice.
Fred Reed writes on affirmative action: “What effect does the unmentionable pervasive scorn have on society? One result is the widespread assumption among whites that blacks are incompetent. For example, I won’t let my children (or me) within shouting distance of a black doctor. I don’t care about his color. I know how great the affirmative action is, how great the pressure not to fail blacks. Sorry. I’m not going to take the chance. Nor are a great many people. Black doctors know it.”
June 10, 1995|JEFFREY L. RABIN
In an unprecedented rebuke of Los Angeles County’s management of Martin Luther King Hospital in Watts, the county Civil Service Commission has ruled that the hospital has tried to “maintain itself as a black institution” by promoting doctors and hiring residents based on race rather than merit.
The commission recently voted to accept a hearing officer’s conclusion that there is an “institutional pattern of discrimination” at the hospital that penalizes non-blacks. The commission’s preliminary action had been scheduled for a final vote Wednesday but was postponed until next week.
The action caps a tumultuous 18 months in the hospital’s busy trauma center, known for its medical challenges and high percentage of poor patients but also a hotbed of racial unrest among senior physicians, who have occasionally almost come to blows.
Three doctors have served recently as the hospital’s trauma chief–with each appointment triggering allegations of racial discrimination, lawsuits or grievances. The Civil Service Commission sided 3 to 0 in April with a veteran King physician, Dr. Subramaniam Balasubramaniam, who charged that he was repeatedly overlooked as a candidate for the hospital’s top post in emergency medicine because of his race.
After a prolonged hearing on the case brought by the Indian-born physician, a hearing officer found that King Hospital and the affiliated Drew Medical School have an “unwritten policy of maintaining itself as a black institution and of placing black candidates in positions of leadership . . . to the exclusion of non-blacks.”
…But county hearing officer Terri A. Tucker concluded in her report in January that she is “persuaded . . . that the officials of [Martin Luther King] and Drew University, together, or as agents of one another, have demonstrated a pattern of discrimination in favor of blacks, and against non-blacks.”
In particular, she found that the hospital has had a policy of adding 10 points to the scores of young black doctors applying for residency training in King’s emergency department.
“It’s an absolutely devastating finding about which the Board of Supervisors should immediately take action,” said Rees Lloyd, attorney for Balasubramaniam. “Black racism is no more acceptable than white racism, and this case is manifestly an indictment of black racism and the operation of King Hospital.”
r. William Shoemaker, a veteran surgeon who is white, was appointed the department’s first permanent chief in 1991–with the understanding that he groom a younger black physician, Dr. Eugene Hardin, to take over the post in about three years, the hearing officer concluded.
In late 1993, the agency that accredits graduate medical training programs nationwide threatened to shut down the emergency medicine training program at King, and Shoemaker was demoted.
He filed a lawsuit alleging that he was removed from the chief’s position because of his race and age and won reinstatement, but the decision is under appeal by the county.
The hearing officer concluded that soon after Shoemaker’s demotion, hospital officials circumvented Civil Service rules and appointed interim Chairman Dr. Range Hutson, a black physician, whose “qualifications, though promising, do not compare to those of his more senior colleagues” at King. Although Hutson received no fringe benefits, the county paid him far more than most other doctors–$240,000 a year, which was taken out of the hospital’s account for services and supplies, records show.
A few months into Hutson’s tenure, the department was in major turmoil.
Shoemaker alleged in a sworn declaration that Hutson had berated and threatened him “using the most disgusting gutter language” in a confrontation in the doctors’ dining area.
Another white physician, Dr. Harry Kram, sued Hutson for illegally firing him and charged in a declaration that Hutson had threatened him in the hospital corridor by adopting a “combative posture with fists clenched” and using vulgarities. Hutson, who could not be reached for comment, has previously denied ever threatening any physician.
Kram was immediately reinstated by the hospital. And a Superior Court judge granted a preliminary injunction prohibiting Hutson from threatening Kram with violence.
Two other emergency physicians, Gary Ordog and Jonathan Wasserberger, both white, also filed grievances against Hutson.
In November, about a dozen emergency department physicians, including several African American doctors, signed a petition to “implore” county health officials to remove Hutson from supervising the emergency department because of his “poor management and supervisory skills, unprofessional interactions with faculty and inappropriate language . . . in the presence of patients, families, nurses and staff.”
Hutson testified at the Civil Service hearing that the spate of complaints against him resulted from his crackdown on doctors who were not working hard enough. Hospital officials have defended Hutson as a highly qualified physician who formerly worked at County-USC Medical Center. And they pointed out that at the time he was hired, he was board-certified in emergency medicine, unlike Balasubramaniam or Shoemaker.
Hutson resigned about two months ago. Hardin is now the acting chief of emergency medicine, although the hearing officer concluded that Hardin, like Hutson, was a comparatively weak candidate for the post.
The hospital “either has, or had, under Dr. Hardin, a policy of adding 10 points to the scores of black applicants for the department of emergency medicine residency program in order to increase the number of black residents, to the exclusion of non-black applicants,” the hearing officer concluded.
Hardin said in an interview that he “never, never, never” added points to the scores of black applicants but that the faculty as a whole can occasionally change an applicant’s final ranking.
Hardin said that the residents at King are a heterogeneous group of 44 young doctors “from every race and culture.”
He acknowledged that during the last two years, their average score on national exams measuring their medical knowledge has declined. Nearly one-third of the residents scored in the bottom 10% of the nation when they were tested recently, records show. Eleven will be given letters of warning about their performance and will be re-evaluated.
“There were some low scores . . . more than I would like to discuss,” Hardin said, adding that the education of residents has been affected by “a lot of turmoil” in the department.
REPORT FROM GENE EXPRESSION: Back in December ’04 UCLA Law Professor Richard Sanders published A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools in the Stanford Law Review which detailed the costs to African-American students of being recipients of Affirmative Action (see here and here for the Cliff Notes versions.) As you can imagine this set off a fire storm of protest, similar in tone, though subdued in fury, to what followed the publication of Rushton and Jensen’s paper Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability. Critics lined up to take their shots at Sanders. A good summary of the ensuing battle can be found at the Volokh Conspiracy, here and here (Be sure to read the comments.)
As with Ruston & Jensen’s paper, the controversy that followed Sanders was a clear case of conflicting Axioms with many of the rebuttals arguing from the Axiom of Equality, the Axiom of Proportionalism and Axiom of Social Justice, and were primarily worried about the decreased African American presence in law schools that would result if Affirmative Action was eliminated. In reading many of these rebuttals I was struck by the game theoretic aspects which argued that if Affirmative Action was eliminated that many African-American students would transfer their ambitions to other Professional Schools that still employed Affirmative Action policies. The critics argued that Law Schools shouldn’t abandon the crutch they’ve provided to minority students thereby foreclosing the prospect of losing these unqualifed students to rival faculties. The critics seemed to completely miss that Sanders was arguing from the Axiom of Merit, which he felt trumped the existing policies of the Law Schools.
After reading through the back and forth volleys I got to wondering why no similar study had been conducted on the effects of Affirmative Action within the medical community. Afterall, the stakes are certainly greater in that a medical student’s performance impacts on the health of patients, rather than simply their well-being (civil law) or freedom (criminal law.) What I really wanted to see was how medical malpractice suits were broken down by race of the physician but I couldn’t find any data at all. If anyone has access to such data, please leave a comment or e-mail me with the particulars.
I’m guessing the data is proprietary to insurance companies and is probably essential in determining insurance rates. After reading some of the data from the National Medical Association, which represents the interests of African-American physicians, it’s clear that obtaining malpractice insurance is a significant problem for its members, but considering that we’re in the middle of a malpractice crisis, it’s imposible to ascertain whether African-American physicians’ rates, and difficulty in obtaining insurance, are any different from the physican community as a whole.
However, even without the medical malpractice data, the consequences of Affirmative Action are evident in how minorities perform in medical school and in subsequent licensing examinations:
The study examined admissions records in two separate years at the five medical schools: the Medical College of Georgia, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, the State University of New York’s Brooklyn College of Medicine, and the University of Washington School of Medicine.
[ . . . . . ]
For example, at Michigan State University’s College of Medicine in 1999, the median grade point average (GPA) for white admittees was 3.61, nearly an A-, while the median GPA for black admittees was 2.93, slightly below a B. Furthermore, the median MCAT score for blacks admitted to Michigan State that year was 29 (out of a possible 51 points) compared to 36 for whites.
[ . . . . . ]
These differences in admissions rates mirror the racial disparities in accomplishment on the first stage of the medical licensing exam. Scores from Michigan State averaged over a three year period show that 14% of black students failed the Step 1 of the exam, and 10% failed to take it, while among white students the failure rate was only 1% and the untested rate, 4%. Thus cumulatively, 24% of black medical students at Michigan State failed to complete the first stage of obtaining a medical license compared to only 5% of white students. Among Hispanics the combined rate was 8% and among Asians, 2%.
[ . . . . . ]
These figures are especially stark when one considers that the scores reported by Michigan State are final scores. Medical students are allowed to take Step 1 up to six times, and when a student fails several times, only the final result is reported. Thus the 14% of black students at Michigan State who are noted as failing the exam, may in fact have repeatedly failed to pass the exam and have a failure listed as their final result, and will not be able to obtain a medical license unless they are able to pass Step 1.
More disturbing than even the failure rate of minorities on the licensing exam, Clegg asserted, “is that even among the students who ultimately pass the exam it’s fair to assume that they are not going to be as successful as doctors as students who are academically better qualified would have been.” He continued, “You know one of the responses that we heard to our study was, well, what’s wrong with racial and ethnic preferences because no one’s going to be qualified to become a doctor unless they pass the exam…as far as patients are concerned, not only will there be fewer doctors, but the doctors who finally do become admitted are not going to be as good. The idea isn’t simply to admit students who are able to scrape by with a passing grade after taking the medical exam several times. We should be trying to have the best possible doctors, not doctors who are simply minimally qualified.”
It appears that Affirmative Action’s lenient admission standards weeds out the weaker candidates before the time for placement through the National Resident Matching Program sifts and sorts the nation’s medical school graduates and places them into residency programs. Surprisingly I didn’t find any declarative statements that the program grants any preferential treatment to minorities, so if this is a true condition, we’d expect to see more of a merit-based sorting based on the competitiveness of the various disciplines.
It’s frustrating that the data I’m seeking is not available, for I think it would be informative to get a racial breakdown of medical specialties and compare the results to the difficulty of winning admission into the medical specialties.
I did find this breakdown of Black Physicians in New Orleans, and using the competitiveness data above, 9% belong to the Extremely Competitive specialities, 15% to the Very Competitive, 30% to the Competitve and 46% to the Less Competitive. Again, the corresponding data from the medical community as a whole is difficult to extrapolate without access to more data sources. Here is a datasource on State Health Facts that some may find useful.
So what is the ripple effect of admitting minority students to medical school under preferential quotas? The evidence is clear that a sizable portion of minority students simply won’t get licensed to practice. Of those that do get licensed, I’d dearly like to know how well they perform without institutional favoritism shielding them from the full effects of competition and how well they adhere to professional standards.
Once out of medical school, the results of Affirmative Action can have real consequences:
This debate over the possible benefits of racial preferences at the nation’s medical schools was most famously raised by the 1978 Supreme Court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, in which the Court ruled that the use of racial quotas in admissions was unconstitutional but continued to allow for an applicant’s race to “tip the balance” in his favor.
One famous beneficiary of racial preferences in admissions is Bernard Chavis, whose admission into the University of California’s medical school despite his inferior academic accomplishment prompted Bakke to file suit against the university. Long upheld as an example of the success of racially biased admissions programs, Chavis made a career serving poor minority communities until the Medical Board of California suspended his license to practice medicine in 1997, warning of his “inability to perform some of the most basic duties required of a physician” after one woman died and two more suffered serious complications after receiving liposuction from Chavis.
We also see problems with institutional slipping of standards, as Godless noted the problems facing two black medical schools:
A Courant analysis of disciplinary actions against doctors nationwide found, however, that both Howard and Meharry produce troubled doctors more frequently than most other schools – at rates about 10 times greater than the schools with the lowest numbers. The actions ranged from a simple citation to permanent license revocation for a range of misdeeds including medical incompetence, ethical lapses and criminal behavior.
The findings – controversial and politically sensitive as they are – defy simple explanation. [Really?…]
Howard and Meharry are not offshore schools with little accountability to U.S. regulators. Their programs are regularly reviewed and are subject to the same accreditation standards as all other American medical schools. They graduate many fine doctors.
So what accounts for the higher rates of disciplinary actions?
With the consequences of incompetence being so much greater in the field of medicine than in law, a study similar to the one conducted by Professor Sanders is urgently called for. If the Axiom of Merit loses ground to the Axiom of Proportionalism, we could see calls for increased enrollment under preferential guidelines for minority students as reported in The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do: Enhancing Diversity in Health Professions by the National Academies Press:
A projection model developed by Libby yielded results indicating that in order to reach 218 physicians per 100,000 persons for each racial/ethnic group, the numbers of first year residents would need to roughly double for Hispanic and black physicians, triple for Native American physicians, and be reduced by two-fifths for white and Asian physicians.
Note how Asians are Honorary Whites in that report.
It’s difficult to model how reduced standards for minority students can be ameliorated if they are not as prepared as their colleagues for the rigors of medical school, have higher failure rates during their education, have a more difficult time passing licensing examinations, and with some schools at least, have a disproportionate presence in disciplinary hearings. Are we to believe that simply practicing their craft on innocent patients will over time increase their competence to the same level of their colleagues who weren’t admitted under preferences schemes?
Related: What do you call a black doctor? and ER Meets Reality and Bell Curve For Doctors